英文论文写作常用词汇及句型 本文简介：
英文论文写作常用词汇及句型 一、经典替换词 1.individuals,characters,folks替换people. 2.positive,favorable,rosy,promising,perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superio
英文论文写作常用词汇及句型 本文内容：
英文论文写作常用词汇及句型
一、经典替换词
1.
individuals,
characters,
folks
替换
people.
2.
positive,
favorable,
rosy,
promising,
perfect,
pleasurable,
excellent,
outstanding,
superior
替换
good.
3.
dreadful,
unfavorable,
poor,
adverse,
ill
替换
bad(如果bad做表语，可以有be
less
impressive替换。)
4.
an
army
of,
an
ocean
of,
a
sea
of,
a
multitude
of,
a
host
of,
if
not
most
替换
many.
5.
a
slice
of,
quiet
a
few
替换
some.
6.
harbor
the
idea
that,
take
the
attitude
that,
hold
the
view
that,
it
is
widely
shared
that,
it
is
universally
acknowledged
that
替换
think.
7.
affair,
business,
matter
替换
thing.
8.
shared
替换
common.
9.
reap
huge
fruits
替换
get
many
benefits.
10.
for
my
part,
from
my
own
perspective,
等等
替换
in
my
opinion.
11.
Increasing(ly),
growing
替换
more
and
more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly)
12.
little,
if
anything或little
or
nothing
替换
hardly.
13.
beneficial,
rewarding
替换
helpful.
14.
shopper,
client,
consumer,
purchaser
替换
customer.
15.
overwhelmingly,
exceedingly,
extremely,
intensely
替换
very.
16.
hardly
necessary,
hardly
inevitable…替换
unnecessary,
avoidable.
17.
indispensable
替换
necessary.
18.
sth
appeals
to
sb,
sth
exerts
a
tremendous
fascination
on
sb
替换sb
take
interest
in
/
sb.
be
interested
in.
19.
capture
one’s
attention
替换
attract
one’s
attention.
20.
facet,
demension,
sphere
替换
aspet.
21.
be
indicative
of,
be
suggestive
of,
be
fearful
of
替换
indicate,
suggest,
fear.
22.
give
rise
to,
lead
to,
result
in,
trigger
替换
cause.
23.
There
are
several
reasons
behind
sth
替换
…
reasons
for
sth.
24.
desire
替换
want.
25.
pour
attention
into
替换
pay
attention
to.
26.
bear
in
mind
that
替换
remember.
27.
enjoy,
possess
替换
have(注意process是过程的意思)。
28.
interaction
替换
communication.
29.
frown
on
sth.
替换
be
against
,
disagree
with
sth.
30.
as
an
example
替换
for
example,
for
instance.
31.
next
to
/
virtually
impossible
替换
nearly
/
almost
impossible.
32.
regarding
/
concerning
替换
about.
33.
crucial
/paramount
替换
important.
34.
第一(in
the
first
place/the
first
and
foremost);第二(there
is
one
more
point,
I
should
touch
on,
that…);第三(the
last
but
not
the
least).
35.
assiduous
替换
hard-working.
36.
arduous
替换
difficult.
37.
underdeveloped
/
financially-challenged
替换poor(因为poor通常含有贬义).
38.
demonstrate
/
manifest
替换
show.
39.
invariably
替换
always.
40.
perilous
/
hazardous替换
dangerous.
41.
formidable
替换
difficult.
42.
quintessential
替换
typical(举例时常用，例如：a
quintessential
example
should
be
cited
that=for
example;
for
instance).
43.
distinguished
替换
famous.
44.
feasible
替换
possible.
45.
consequently,
accordingly替换
so.
46.
通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results
indicate,
infer,
suggest,
imply
that……
47.
最常见的引述别人观点的词汇
Much
of
the
research
in
sexual
selection
in
the
last
two
decades
has
examined
how
a
female’s
preference
that
does
not
influence
her
immediate
reproductive
success
can
still
evolve
if
it
is
genetically
correlated
with
another
character
under
direct
selection.(不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，work。)
Two
hypotheses
for
female
preference
evolution—runaway
sexual
selection
and
good
genes
selection—state
that
preferences
evolve
indirectly
because
they
are
genetically
correlated
with
male
traits
that
are
under
direct
selection;
that
is,
the
preferences
themselves
are
not
under
direct
selection.(在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state
比show更加中立些。)
Studies
of
receiver
biases
suggest
that
such
analogies
might
not
be
broadly
applicable.(suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。)
Burley
argued
that
the
preference
for
red
beaks
is
adaptive
because
it
indicates
male
health,
and
this
preference
is
then
transferred
to
leg-band
color.(argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。)
According
to
the
anti-monotony
hypothesis,
habituation
plays
an
important
role
in
the
evolution
of
complex
vocalizations
in
songbirds:
Increased
song
complexity
reduces
habituation
of
neighboring
males
and
courting
females.(根据…)
Previous
studies
of
acoustic
and
bioluminescent
interactions
had
emphasized
potential
advantages
to
group-signaling
organization,
such
as
minimizing
predation,
preserving
species-specific
signal
characters,
or
increasing
the
attractiveness
of
the
group.(带有小小的强调)
48.常见的连接词有，However,
also,
in
addition,
consequently,
afterwards,
moreover,
Furthermore,
further,
although,
unlike,
in
contrast,
Similarly,
Unfortunately,
alternatively,
parallel
results,
In
order
to,
despite,
For
example,
Compared
with,
other
results,
thus,
therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。比如，叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用AA
advocated
it
for
the
first
time。接下来可用Then
BB
further
demonstrated
that，再接下来，可用Afterwards，CC……如果还有，可用More
recent
studies
by
DD……
二、常用句型
Beginning
1.
In
this
paper,
we
focus
on
the
need
for
2.
This
paper
proceeds
as
follow.
3.
The
structure
of
the
paper
is
as
follows.
4.
In
this
paper,
we
shall
first
briefly
introduce
fuzzy
sets
and
related
concepts
5.
To
begin
with
we
will
provide
a
brief
background
on
the
Introduction
1.
This
will
be
followed
by
a
description
of
the
fuzzy
nature
of
the
problem
and
a
detailed
presentation
of
how
the
required
membership
functions
are
defined.
2.
Details
on
xx
and
xx
are
discussed
in
later
sections.
3.
In
the
next
section,
after
a
statement
of
the
basic
problem,
various
situations
involving
possibility
knowledge
are
investigated:
first,
an
entirely
possibility
model
is
proposed;
then
the
cases
of
a
fuzzy
service
time
with
stochastic
arrivals
and
non
fuzzy
service
rule
is
studied;
lastly,
fuzzy
service
rule
are
considered.
Review
1.
This
review
is
followed
by
an
introduction.
2.
A
brief
summary
of
some
of
the
relevant
concepts
in
xxx
and
xxx
is
presented
in
Section
2.
3.
In
the
next
section,
a
brief
review
of
the
….
is
given.
4.
In
the
next
section,
a
short
review
of
…
is
given
with
special
regard
to
…
5.
Section
2
reviews
relevant
research
related
to
xx.
6.
Section
1.1
briefly
surveys
the
motivation
for
a
methodology
of
action,
while
1.2
looks
at
the
difficulties
posed
by
the
complexity
of
systems
and
outlines
the
need
for
development
of
possibility
methods.
Body
1.
Section
1
defines
the
notion
of
robustness,
and
argues
for
its
importance.
2.
Section
1
devoted
to
the
basic
aspects
of
the
FLC
decision
making
logic.
3.
Section
2
gives
the
background
of
the
problem
which
includes
xxx
4.
Section
2
discusses
some
problems
with
and
approaches
to,
natural
language
understanding.
5.
Section
2
explains
how
flexibility
which
often
…
can
be
expressed
in
terms
of
fuzzy
time
window
6.
Section
3
discusses
the
aspects
of
fuzzy
set
theory
that
are
used
in
the
…
7.
Section
3
describes
the
system
itself
in
a
general
way,
including
the
…..
and
also
discusses
how
to
evaluate
system
performance.
8.
Section
3
describes
a
new
measure
of
xx.
9.
Section
3
demonstrates
the
use
of
fuzzy
possibility
theory
in
the
analysis
of
xx.
10.
Section
3
is
a
fine
description
of
fuzzy
formulation
of
human
decision.
11.
Section
3,
is
developed
to
the
modeling
and
processing
of
fuzzy
decision
rules
12.
The
main
idea
of
the
FLC
is
described
in
Section
3
while
Section
4
describes
the
xx
strategies.
13.
Section
3
and
4
show
experimental
studies
for
verifying
the
proposed
model.
14.
Section
4
discusses
a
previous
fuzzy
set
based
approach
to
cost
variance
investigation.
15.
Section
4
gives
a
specific
example
of
xxx.
16.
Section
4
is
the
experimental
study
to
make
a
fuzzy
model
of
memory
process.
17.
Section
4
contains
a
discussion
of
the
implication
of
the
results
of
Section
2
and
3.
18.
Section
4
applies
this
fuzzy
measure
to
the
analysis
of
xx
and
illustrate
its
use
on
experimental
data.
19.
Section
5
presents
the
primary
results
of
the
paper:
a
fuzzy
set
model
..
20.
Section
5
contains
some
conclusions
plus
some
ideas
for
further
work.
21.
Section
6
illustrates
the
model
with
an
example.
22.
Various
ways
of
justification
and
the
reasons
for
their
choice
are
discussed
very
briefly
in
Section
2.
23.
In
Section
2
are
presented
the
block
diagram
expression
of
a
whole
model
of
human
DM
system
24.
In
Section
2
we
shall
list
a
collection
of
basic
assumptions
which
a
…
scheme
must
satisfy.
25.
In
Section
2
of
this
paper,
we
present
representation
and
uniqueness
theorems
for
the
fundamental
measurement
of
fuzziness
when
the
domain
of
discourse
is
order
dense.
26.
In
Section
3,
we
describe
the
preliminary
results
of
an
empirical
study
currently
in
progress
to
verify
the
measurement
model
and
to
construct
membership
functions.
27.
In
Section
5
is
analyzed
the
inference
process
through
the
two
kinds
of
inference
experiments…
This
Section
1.
In
this
section,
the
characteristics
and
environment
under
which
MRP
is
designed
are
described.
2.
We
will
provide
in
this
section
basic
terminologies
and
notations
which
are
necessary
for
the
understanding
of
subsequent
results.Next
Section
2.
The
next
section
describes
the
mathematics
that
goes
into
the
computer
implementation
of
such
fuzzy
logic
statements.
3.
However,
it
is
cumbersome
for
this
purpose
and
in
practical
applications
the
formulae
were
rearranged
and
simplified
as
discussed
in
the
next
section.
4.
The
three
components
will
be
described
in
the
next
two
section,
and
an
example
of
xx
analysis
of
a
computer
information
system
will
then
illustrate
their
use.
5.
We
can
interpret
the
results
of
Experiments
I
and
II
as
in
the
following
sections.
6.
The
next
section
summarizes
the
method
in
a
from
that
is
useful
for
arguments
based
on
xx
Summary
1.
This
paper
concludes
with
a
discussion
of
future
research
consideration
in
section
5.
2.
Section
5
summarizes
the
results
of
this
investigation.
3.
Section
5
gives
the
conclusions
and
future
directions
of
research.
4.
Section
7
provides
a
summary
and
a
discussion
of
some
extensions
of
the
paper.
5.
Finally,
conclusions
and
future
work
are
summarized
6.
The
basic
questions
posed
above
are
then
discussed
and
conclusions
are
drawn.
7.
Section
7
is
the
conclusion
of
the
paper.
Chapter
0
Abstract
1.
A
basic
problem
in
the
design
of
xx
is
presented
by
the
choice
of
a
xx
rate
for
the
measurement
of
experimental
variables.
2.
This
paper
examines
a
new
measure
of
xx
in
xx
based
on
fuzzy
mathematics
which
overcomes
the
difficulties
found
in
other
xx
measures.
3.
This
paper
describes
a
system
for
the
analysis
of
the
xx.
4.
The
method
involves
the
construction
of
xx
from
fuzzy
relations.
5.
The
procedure
is
useful
in
analyzing
how
groups
reach
a
decision.
6.
The
technique
used
is
to
employ
a
newly
developed
and
versatile
xx
algorithm.
7.
The
usefulness
of
xx
is
also
considered.
8.
A
brief
methodology
used
in
xx
is
discussed.
9.
The
analysis
is
useful
in
xx
and
xx
problem.
10.
A
model
is
developed
for
a
xx
analysis
using
fuzzy
matrices.
11.
Algorithms
to
combine
these
estimates
and
produce
a
xx
are
presented
and
justified.
12.
The
use
of
the
method
is
discussed
and
an
example
is
given.
13.
Results
of
an
experimental
applications
of
this
xx
analysis
procedure
are
given
to
illustrate
the
proposed
technique.
14.
This
paper
analyses
problems
in
15.
This
paper
outlines
the
functions
carried
out
by
…
16.
This
paper
includes
an
illustration
of
the
…
17.
This
paper
provides
an
overview
and
information
useful
for
approaching
18.
Emphasis
is
placed
on
the
construction
of
a
criterion
function
by
which
the
xx
in
achieving
a
hierarchical
system
of
objectives
are
evaluated.
19.
The
main
emphasis
is
placed
on
the
problem
of
xx
20.
Our
proposed
model
is
verified
through
experimental
study.
21.
The
experimental
results
reveal
interesting
examples
of
fuzzy
phases
of:
xx,
xx
22.
The
compatibility
of
a
project
in
terms
of
cost,
and
xx
are
likewise
represented
by
linguistic
variables.
23.
A
didactic
example
is
included
to
illustrate
the
computational
procedure
Time
1.
Over
the
course
of
the
past
30
years,
..
has
emerged
form
intuitive
2.
Technological
revolutions
have
recently
hit
the
industrial
world
3.
The
advent
of
…
systems
for
has
had
a
significant
impact
on
the
4.
The
development
of
…
is
explored
5.
During
the
past
decade,
the
theory
of
fuzzy
sets
has
developed
in
a
variety
of
directions
6.The
concept
of
xx
was
investigated
quite
intensively
in
recent
years
7.
There
has
been
a
turning
point
in
…
methodology
in
accordance
with
the
advent
of
…
8.
A
major
concern
in
…
today
is
to
continue
to
improve…
9.
A
xx
is
a
latecomer
in
the
part
representation
arena.
10.
At
the
time
of
this
writing,
there
is
still
no
standard
way
of
xx
11.
Although
a
lot
of
effort
is
being
spent
on
improving
these
weaknesses,
the
efficient
and
effective
method
has
yet
to
be
developed.
12.
The
pioneer
work
can
be
traced
to
xx
[1965].
13.
To
date,
none
of
the
methods
developed
is
perfect
and
all
are
far
from
ready
to
be
used
in
commercial
systems.
Objective
/
Goal
/
Purpose
1.
The
purpose
of
the
inference
engine
can
be
outlined
as
follows:
2.
The
ultimate
goal
of
the
xx
system
is
to
allow
the
non
experts
to
utilize
the
existing
knowledge
in
the
area
of
manual
handling
of
loads,
and
to
provide
intelligent,
computer
aided
instruction
for
xxx.
3.
The
paper
concerns
the
development
of
a
xx
4.
The
scope
of
this
research
lies
in
5.
The
main
theme
of
the
paper
is
the
application
of
rule
based
decision
making.
6.
These
objectives
are
to
be
met
with
such
thoroughness
and
confidence
as
to
permit
…
7.
The
objectives
of
the
…
operations
study
are
as
follows:
8.
The
primary
purpose/consideration/objective
of
9.
The
ultimate
goal
of
this
concept
is
to
provide
10.
The
main
objective
of
such
a
…
system
is
to
11.
The
aim
of
this
paper
is
to
provide
methods
to
construct
such
probability
distribution.
12.
In
order
to
achieve
these
objectives,
an
xx
must
meet
the
following
requirements:
13.
In
order
to
take
advantage
of
their
similarity
14.
more
research
is
still
required
before
final
goal
of
…
can
be
completed
15.
In
this
trial,
the
objective
is
to
generate…
16.
for
the
sake
of
concentrating
on
…
research
issues
17.
A
major
goal
of
this
report
is
to
extend
the
utilization
of
a
recently
developed
procedure
for
the
xx.
18.
For
an
illustrative
purpose,
four
well
known
OR
problems
are
studied
in
presence
of
fuzzy
data:
xx.
19.
A
major
thrust
of
the
paper
is
to
discuss
approaches
and
strategies
for
structuring
..methods
20.
This
illustration
points
out
the
need
to
specify
21.
The
ultimate
goal
is
both
descriptive
and
prescriptive.
22.
Chapter
2.
Literature
Review
23.
A
wealth
of
information
is
to
be
found
in
the
statistics
literature,
for
example,
regarding
xx
24.
A
considerable
amount
of
research
has
been
done
..
during
the
last
decade
25.
A
great
number
of
studies
report
on
the
treatment
of
uncertainties
associated
with
xx.
26.
There
is
considerable
amount
of
literature
on
planning
27.
However,
these
studies
do
not
provide
much
attention
to
uncertainty
in
xx.
28.
Since
then,
the
subject
has
been
extensively
explored
and
it
is
still
under
investigation
as
well
in
methodological
aspects
as
in
concrete
applications.
29.
Many
research
studies
have
been
carried
out
on
this
topic.
30.
Problem
of
xx
draws
recently
more
and
more
attention
of
system
analysis.
31.
Attempts
to
resolve
this
dilemma
have
resulted
in
the
development
of
32.
Many
complex
processes
unfortunately,
do
not
yield
to
this
design
procedure
and
have,
therefore,
not
yet
been
automated.
33.
Most
of
the
methods
developed
so
far
are
deterministic
and
/or
probabilistic
in
nature.
34.
The
central
issue
in
all
these
studies
is
to
35.
The
problem
of
xx
has
been
studied
by
other
investigators,
however,
these
studies
have
been
based
upon
classical
statistical
approaches.
36.
Applied
…
techniques
to
37.
Characterized
the
…
system
as
38.
Developed
an
algorithm
to
39.
Developed
a
system
called
…
which
40.
Uses
an
iterative
algorithm
to
deduce
41.
Emphasized
the
need
to
42.
Identifies
six
key
issues
surrounding
high
technology
43.
A
comprehensive
study
of
the…
has
been
undertaken
44.
Much
work
has
been
reported
recently
in
these
field
45.
Proposed/Presented/State
that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has
shown
/
showed/Address/Highlights
46.
Point
out
that
the
problem
of
47.
A
study
on
…was
done
/
developed
by
[]
48.
Previous
work,
such
as
[]
and
[],
deal
only
with
49.
The
approach
taken
by
[]
is
50.
The
system
developed
by
[]
consists
51.
A
paper
relevant
to
this
research
was
published
by
[]
52.
[]’s
model
requires
consideration
of…
53.
[]’
model
draws
attention
to
evolution
in
human
development
54.
[]’s
model
focuses
on…
55.
Little
research
has
been
conducted
in
applying
…
to
56.
The
published
information
that
is
relevant
to
this
research…
57.
This
study
further
shows
that
58.
Their
work
is
based
on
the
principle
of
59.
More
history
of
…
can
be
found
in
xx
et
al.
[1979].
60.
Studies
have
been
completed
to
established
61.
The
…studies
indicated
that
62.
Though
application
of
xx
in
the
filed
of
xx
has
proliferated
in
recent
years,
effort
in
analyzing
xx,
especially
xx,
is
lacking.
Problem
/
Issue
/
Question
63.
Unfortunately,
real-world
engineering
problems
such
as
manufacturing
planning
do
not
fit
well
with
this
narrowly
defined
model.
They
tend
to
span
broad
activities
and
require
consideration
of
multiple
aspects.
64.
Remedy
/
solve
/
alleviate
these
problems
67.
…
is
a
difficult
problem,
yet
to
be
adequately
resolved
68.
Two
major
problems
have
yet
to
be
addressed
69.
An
unanswered
question
70.
This
problem
in
essence
involves
using
x
to
obtain
a
solution.
71.
An
additional
research
issue
to
be
tackled
is
….
72.
Some
important
issues
in
developing
a
…
system
are
discussed
73.
The
three
prime
issues
can
be
summarized:
74.
The
situation
leads
to
the
problem
of
how
to
determine
the
…
75.
There
have
been
many
attempts
to
76.
It
is
expected
to
be
serious
barrier
to
77.
It
offers
a
simple
solution
in
a
limited
domain
for
a
complex
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