英语阅读理解——主旨大意-大集合 本文简介：
2011届英语阅读理解专练主旨大意题A.设题方式①.考查文章的中心思想Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat_____.Thepassageismainlyabout__. Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat_____
英语阅读理解——主旨大意-大集合 本文内容：
2011届英语阅读理解专练
主旨大意题
A.设题方式
①.考查文章的中心思想
The
main
idea/key
point
of
this
passage
is
that_____.
The
passage
is
mainly
about
__.
From
the
passage
we
can
learn/conclude
that_________.
Which
of
the
following
statements
best
expresses
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
②.考查文章标题的选择
The
best
title/headline
for
this
passage
is_________.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
title?
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
The
title
that
best
expresses
the
ideas
of
this
passage
is_________.
③.考查作者的写作态度和意图
What
is
the
author’s
main
purpose
in
this
passage?
The
writer’s
purpose
in
writing
this
story
is____.
In
the
passage
the
author
wants
to
tell___.The
writer’s
attitude
toward
...
is___.
B.干扰项特点
①.
以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
②.
断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
③.
主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
④.
张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。
⑤.
无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
C.解题指导
1.分清主次，抓住主干，找出主题句。
主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子,它的出现有四种情况:
1）主题句在开头?主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义?点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨?而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有
for
example\
i.e.
\that
is
\first\
second
\
finally
\once
\another
time
\for
one
thing
等词。
2）主题句在结尾?用归纳法写的文章,其结构是表述细节的句子放在前面,概述性的句子放在后面,并以此而结尾,所以结尾的句子起着总结归纳?画龙点睛的作用，多伴有so
\therefore\thus
\in
short\
as
a
result\that
is
why
等词。
3）考生可以快速浏览每段首尾两句来确定每段的主题句，从而确定文章的主题句。
【考例分析1】Every
day
we
experience
one
of
the
wonders
of
the
world
around
us
without
even
realizing
it.
It
is
not
the
amazing
complexity
of
television.
Nor
the
impressive
technology
of
transport.
The
universal
wonder
we
share
and
experience
is
our
ability
to
make
noises
with
our
mouths,
and
so
transmit
ideas
and
thoughts
to
each
other‘s
minds.
This
ability
comes
so
naturally
that
we
tend
to
forget
what
a
miracle（奇迹）it
is.
75.
This
passage
is
mainly
about_________.
（2010·江西卷·E
-节选自文章第一段）
A.
the
development
of
body
language
B.
the
special
role
humans
play
in
nature
C.
the
power
to
convey
information
to
others
D.
the
difference
between
humans
and
animals
in
language
use
【考例分析2】My
few
minutes
with
Mr.
Galbreath
changed
my
life.
Now
I
try
to
treat
everyone
with
respect,
no
matter
who
I
think
they
are,
and
no
matter
another
human
being
with
kindness
and
sincerity.
59.
What
is
the
message
mainly
expressed
in
the
story?
（2010年重庆卷A篇-节选自文章最后一段）
A.
We
should
learn
to
be
generous.B.
It
is
honorable
to
help
those
in
need.
C.
People
in
high
positions
are
not
like
what
we
expect.
D.
We
should
avoid
judging
people
by
their
appearances.
【考例分析3】We
often
don’t
remember
things
as
well
when
we’re
trying
to
manage
several
details
at
the
same
time.
Without
mental
focus,
we
may
not
pay
enough
attention
to
new
information
coming
in,
so
it
never
makes
it
into
our
memory
stores.
That
is
one
of
the
main
reasons
we
forget
people’s
names---even
sometimes
right
after
they
have
introduced
themselves.
Multitasking
can
also
affect
our
relationships.
If
someone
checks
their
e-mail
while
on
the
phone
with
a
friend,
they
may
come
off
as
absent-minded
or
disinterested.
It
can
also
cause
that
person
to
miss
or
overlook
key
information
being
passed
on
to
them.
52.
What
is
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
（2010年浙江卷C篇-节选自文章最后一段）
A.
Multitasking
has
become
a
way
of
life.B.
Multitasking
often
leads
to
efficiency
decline.
C.
Multitasking
exercises
need
to
be
improved.
D.
Multitasking
enables
people
to
remember
things
better.
4）值得注意的是:有些文章和段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题?这就要求考生在阅读过程中,根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意?
2.理清层次关系,，选出最佳标题
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达,多为一个名词词组，短小明了,函盖性强?做这类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。
【考例分析4】When
you’re
lying
on
the
white
sands
of
the
Mexican
Riviera,
the
stresses(压力)
of
the
world
seem
a
million
miles
away.
Hey,
stop!
This
is
no
vacation-you
have
to
finish
something!
49.
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
（2010年全国卷II
B篇-节选自文章第一段）
A．Adventures
in
Travel
Writing
B．Working
as
a
Food
Critic
C．Travel
Guides
on
the
MarketD．Vacationing
for
a
Living
【考例分析5】Too
much
TV-watching
can
harm
children’s
ability
to
learn
and
even
reduce
their
chances
of
getting
a
college
degree,
new
studies
suggest
in
the
latest
effort
to
examine
the
effects
of
television
on
children.
67.
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
this
text?
（2010年辽宁卷C篇-节选自文章第一段）
A.
Computers
or
Television
B.
Effects
of
Television
on
Children
C.
Studies
on
TV
and
College
Education
D.
Television
and
Children"s
Learning
Habits
【考例分析6】To
err
is
human.
To
blame
the
other
guy
is
even
more
human.
Common
sense
is
not
all
that
common.
Why
tell
the
truth
when
you
can
come
up
with
a
good
excuse?
These
three
popular
misquotes(戏谑的引语)are
meant
to
be
jokes,
and
yet
they
tell
us
a
lot
about
human
nature
.
To
err,
or
to
make
mistakes,
is
indeed
a
part
of
being
human,
but
it
seems
that
most
people
don’t
want
to
accept
the
responsibility
for
the
problem.
Perhaps
it
is
the
natural
thing
to
do.
The
original
quote
about
human
nature
went
like
this:”
To
err
is
human,
to
forgive,
divine(神圣的).
”This
saying
mirrors
an
ideal:
people
should
be
forgiving
of
others’
mistakes.
Instead,
we
tend
to
do
the
opposite
–find
someone
else
to
pass
the
blame
on
to.
However,
taking
responsibility
for
something
that
went
wrong
is
a
making
of
great
maturity.
55.
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
his
passage?
（2010年天津卷D篇-节选自文章第一部分）
A.
A
Mirror
of
Human
Nature
B.
To
Blame
or
to
Forgive
C.
A
Mark
of
Maturity
D.
Truth
or
Excuse
3.抓住关键词，判断作者意图
作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来?常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving,
positive,
optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical,
pessimistic,
doubtful,
questioning)和中性类词(indifferent,
serious,
objective,
concerned,
neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving,
encouraging,
disappointing,
fail,
ignore等，以及作者对人物语言?行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度?
【考例分析7】The
world
of
make-believe
is
not
necessarily
bad.
But
when
the
world
of
fantasy
becomes
the
only
outlet(出路)
for
our
sense
of
wonder,
then
we
are
really
missing
something.
We
are
missing
a
connection
with
the
living
world.
Other
wonderful
worlds
exist
all
around
us.
But
even
more
interesting
is
that
if
we
look
closely
enough,
we
can
see
that
these
worlds,
in
a
broad
sense,
are
really
part
of
our
own.
（2010年重庆卷E篇-节选自文章第一段）
75.
What
is
the
main
purpose
of
the
passage?
A.
To
show
us
the
hidden
beauty
in
our
world.
B.
To
warn
us
not
to
get
lost
in
the
fantasy
world.
C.
To
argue
against
the
misuse
of
the
sense
of
wonder.
D.
To
discuss
the
influence
of
the
world
of
make-believe.
4.小结：总之，主旨大意类题虽然综合性强，对考生的能力要求较高，但只要我们掌握了一定的解题技巧，在读懂读透文章的基础上，仔细对比四个备选项之间的内涵与外延之间的差异，定能准确地找出正确答案。
在高考阅读理解中，主题概括类试题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是《英语课程标准》和《考试说明》对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考察的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择“主题”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1.
What
is
the
main
/
general
idea
of
this
text?
2.
What
is
mainly
discussed
in
this
passage?
3.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
4.
This
text
mainly
tells
us
________.
5.
This
passage
mainly
deals
with
_________.
6.
The
main
idea
of
this
passage
may
be
best
expressed
as_________.
选择“标题”则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1.
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
2.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
/
most
suitable
title
for
this
text?
3.
The
best
/
most
suitable
title
for
this
text
would
be
________.
4.
The
topic
of
this
passage
is
_________.
不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
下面具体分析此类题目的解题技巧：
一、段落及文章整体的主题大意的理解
解这类试题应根据以下几个步骤，掌握此类题的解题技巧：
1.
寻找主题句，确定文章主题
在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法
(skimming)，一般不需逐句阅读，只需选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。主题句呈现的形式有：
1）文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。即演绎法写作方式。如：
?
Something
in
chocolate
could
be
used
to
stop
coughs
and
lead
to
more
effective
medicines,
say
UK
researchers.
Their
study
found
that
theobromine,
found
in
cocoa,
was
nearly
a
third
more
effective
in
stopping
coughs
than
codeine,
which
was
considered
the
best
cough
medicine
at
present.
The
Imperial
College
London
researchers
who
published
their
results
online
said
the
discovery
could
lead
to
more
effective
cough
treatment.
“While
coughing
is
not
necessarily
harmful
(有害的)
it
can
have
a
major
effect
on
the
quality
of
life,
and
this
discovery
could
be
a
huge
step
forward
in
treating
this
problem,”
said
Professor
Peter
Barnes.
Ten
healthy
volunteers
(志愿者)
were
given
theobromine,
codeine
or
placebo,
a
pill
that
contains
no
medicine,
during
the
experiment.
Neither
the
volunteers
nor
the
researchers
knew
who
received
which
pill.
The
researchers
then
measured
levels
of
capsaicin,
which
is
used
in
research
to
cause
coughing
and
as
a
sign
of
how
well
the
medicine
is
stopping
coughs.
The
team
found
that,
when
the
volunteers
were
given
theobromine,
the
capsaicin
needed
to
produce
a
cough
was
around
a
third
higher
than
in
the
placebo
group.
When
they
were
given
codeine
they
need
only
slightly
higher
levels
of
capsaicin
to
cause
a
cough
compared
with
the
placebo.
The
researchers
said
that
theobromine
worked
by
keeping
down
a
nerve
activity
(神经活动),
which
causes
coughing.
They
also
found
that
unlike
some
standard
cough
treatments,
theobromine
caused
no
side
effects
such
as
sleepiness.
(2008
全国卷II
D篇)
a.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?A.
Codeine:
A
New
MedicineB.
Chocolate
May
Cure
CoughsC.
Cough
Treatment:
A
Hard
CaseB.
Theobromine
Can
Cause
Coughs
2)
文尾归纳要点，提出建议，以概括主题。即归纳法写作方式。如：
A
human
body
appears
to
be
rather
soft
and
delicate,
compared
with
that
of
a
wild
animal,
but
it
is
actually
surprisingly
strong.
In
deed,
its
very
softness
and
looseness
is
an
advantage;
it
makes
a
man
good
at
moving
about
movement
of
all
living
things
of
his
own
size,
because
he
can
do
so
many
different
things
with
his
limbs.
Man’s
games
show
how
he
can
control
his
own
body.
No
other
land
creature
can
swim
as
skillfully
as
man;
none
has
such
varied
grace;
very
few
live
as
long
as
he;
none
is
so
strong
in
itsnatural
resistance
to
disease.
Therefore
man
has
a
great
advantage
in
his
battle
against
the
risks
of
damage
and
death
that
threaten
him.
3)文中。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支持或发展。如：
Nothing
is
as
useful
as
a
flashlight
in
a
dark
night
if
a
tire
goes
flat.
Few
inventions
are
so
helpful
to
a
child
who
is
afraid
of
the
dark.
In
fact,
the
modern
flashlight
brings
light
to
many
dark
situations.
Finding
something
in
the
back
of
a
closet
is
easy
with
a
flashlight
in
hand;
a
camper
also
needs
one
after
the
light
of
the
campfire
has
been
out.
4)首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题,
结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见。但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步引申或发展的意味。如：
（首段）Shu
Pulong
has
helped
at
least
1000
people
bitten
by
snakes,“It
was
seeing
people
with
snakes
bites
that
led
me
to
the
career.
”She
said…
（尾段）“The
sad
story
touched
me
so
much
that
I
decided
to
devote
myself
to
helping
people
bitten
by
snakes.”
Shu
said.
5)
无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑、综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。如：
b.
Joshua
Bingham
studied
4
years
at
the
University
of
Paris
and
decided
to
leave
his
graduation.
He
transferred
to
the
University
of
Berlin
and
graduated
with
honors.
Harvard
Law
School
and,
later,
Boston
College
provided
him
with
an
excellent
legal
background.
He
is
presently
a
corporation
lawyer
in
Miami,
Florida.
b.
What
is
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
A.
How
Joshua
Bingham
became
a
lawyer.
B.
Bingham
is
a
diligent
student.
C.
Joshua
Bingham
received
an
excellent
education.
D.
A
good
lawyer
needs
good
education.
除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词。文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on
the
whole,
as
a
result，in
short，therefore，thus…
I
agree
with
the
opinion
that…;
Given
all
these
points
above,
I
would
support
the
idea
that…;
For
all
the
reasons
mentioned
above,
I
would
prefer...
2.
抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想
寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某些段落，而应观察全文的结构安排；理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”；考虑文章的组织材料及支持性细节是服务于什么的；分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达的；最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。如：
There
are
three
separate
sources
of
danger
in
supplying
energy
by
nuclear
power.
First,
the
radioactive
material
must
travel
from
its
place
of
production
to
the
power
station.
Although
the
power
stations
themselves
are
strongly
built,
the
containers
us
for
the
transport
of
the
materials
are
not.
Normally,
only
two
methods
of
transport
are
in
use,
namely
road
or
rail.
Unfortunately,
both
of
these
may
have
an
effect
on
the
general
public,
since
they
are
sure
to
pass
near,
or
even
through,
heavily
populated
areas.
Second,
there
is
the
problem
of
waste.
All
nuclear
power
stations
produce
wastes
that
in
most
cases
will
remain
radioactive
for
thousands
of
years.
It
is
impossible
to
make
these
wastes
nonradioactive,
and
so
they
must
be
stored
in
one
of
the
inconvenient
ways
that
scientists
have
invented.
For
example,
they
may
be
buried
under
the
ground,
or
dropped
into
deserted
mines,
or
sunk
in
the
sea.
However,
these
methods
do
not
solve
the
problem,
since
an
earthquake
could
easily
break
the
containers.
Third,
there
may
occur
the
danger
of
a
leak
(泄漏)
or
an
explosion
at
the
power
station.
As
with
the
other
two
dangers,
this
is
not
very
likely,
so
it
does
not
provide
a
serious
objection
to
the
nuclear
program.
However,
it
can
happen.
Separately,
these
three
types
of
dangers
are
not
a
great
cause
for
worry.
Taken
together,
though,
the
probability
of
disaster
is
extremely
high.
c:
What
is
the
passage
about?
A.
Uses
of
nuclear
power.
B.
Dangers
from
nuclear
power.
C.
Public
anger
at
nuclear
power.
D.
Accidents
caused
by
nuclear
power.
3.
抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心
不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳，形成主题。如：
The
Queen’s
English
is
now
sounding
less
upper-class,
a
scientific
study
of
the
Queen’s
Christmas
broadcasts
has
found.
Researchers
have
studied
each
of
her
messages
to
the
Commonwealth
countries
since
1952
to
find
out
the
change
in
her
pronunciation
from
the
noble
Upper
Received
to
the
Standard
Received.
Jonathan
Harrington,
a
professor
at
Germany’s
University
of
Munich,
wanted
to
discover
whether
accent
(口音)
changes
recorded
over
the
past
half
century
would
take
place
within
one
person.
“As
far
as
I
know,
there
just
is
nobody
else
for
whom
there
is
this
sort
of
broadcast
records,”
he
said.
He
said
the
noble
way
of
pronouncing
vowels
(元音)
had
gradually
lost
ground
as
the
noble
upper-class
accent
over
the
past
years.
“Her
accent
sounds
slightly
less
noble
than
it
did
50
years
ago.
But
these
are
very,
very
small
and
slow
changes
that
we
don’t
notice
from
year
to
year.”
“We
may
be
able
to
relate
it
to
changes
in
the
social
classes,”
he
told
The
Daily
Telegraph,
a
British
newspaper.
“In
1952
she
would
have
been
heard
saying
‘thet
men
in
the
bleck
het’.
Now
it
would
be
‘that
man
in
the
black
hat’.
And
‘hame’
rather
than
‘home’.
In
the
1950s
she
would
have
been
‘lorst’,
but
by
the
1970s
‘lost’.”
The
Queen’s
broadcast
is
a
personal
message
to
the
Commonwealth
countries.
Each
Christmas,
the
10-minute
broadcast
is
put
on
TV
at
3
pm
in
Britain
as
many
families
are
recovering
from
their
traditional
turkey
lunch(传统火鸡午餐).
The
results
were
published
(发表)
in
the
Journal
of
Phonetics.
（2008全国卷II
B篇）
d.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
The
relationship
between
accents
and
social
classes.
B.
The
Queen’s
Christmas
speeches
on
TV.
C.
The
changes
in
a
person’s
accent.
D.
The
recent
development
of
the
English
language.
二、
文章标题的选择或拟定
1.
要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；
2.
再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；
3.
要注意题目是过大还是过小；
4.
要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。
要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
比如某一文章的中心句子为：Coffee
is
a
universal
drink
that
is
served
in
different
ways
around
the
world.
话题：Coffee
控制性概念：is
a
universal
drink
that
is
served
in
different
ways
around
the
world
标题：Coffee
Around
the
World
例：2008年高考英语山东卷B篇
Federal
regulators
Wednesday
approved
a
plan
to
create
a
nationwide
emergency
alert
(警报)
system
using
text
messages
delivered
to
cell
phones.
Text
messages
have
been
popular
in
recent
years,
particularly
among
young
people.
The
wireless
industry’s
trade
association,
CTIA,
estimates（估计）
more
than
48
billion
text
messages
are
sent
each
month.
The
plan
comes
from
the
Warning
Alert
and
Response
Network
Act,
a
2006
federal
law
that
requires
improvements
to
the
nation"s
emergency
alert
system.
The
act
tasked
the
Federal
Communications
Commission
(FCC)
with
coming
up
with
new
ways
to
alert
the
public
about
emergencies.
“The
ability
to
deliver
accurate
and
timely
warnings
and
alerts
through
cell
phones
and
other
mobile
services
is
an
important
next
step
in
our
efforts
to
help
ensure
that
the
American
public
has
the
information
they
need
to
take
action
to
protect
themselves
andtheir
families
before,
and
during,
disasters
and
other
emergencies,”
FCC
Chairman
Kevin
Martin
said,
following
approval
of
the
plan.
Participation
in
the
alert
system
by
carriers
–telecommunications
companies
is
voluntary,
but
it
has
received
support
from
the
wireless
industry.
The
program
would
be
optional
for
cell
phone
users.
They
also
may
not
be
charged
for
receiving
alerts.
There
would
be
three
different
types
of
messages,
according
to
the
rules.
The
first
would
be
a
national
alert
from
the
president,
likely
involving
a
natural
disaster.
The
second
would
involve
“approaching
threats”,
which
could
include
natural
disasters
like
hurricanes
or
storms
or
even
university
shootings.
The
third
would
be
for
child
abduction
(绑架)
emergencies,
or
so-called
Amber
Alerts.
The
service
could
be
in
place
by
2010.
e.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
Cell
Phone
Alerts
Protecting
Students
B.
Cell
Phone
Alerts
by
Wireless
Industry
C.
Cell
Phone
Alerts
of
National
Disasters
D.
Cell
Phone
Alerts
Coming
Soona.
答案：B。本文开篇就道明了主题：巧克力中的某种成分可以治疗咳嗽，下文始终围绕这个主题来展开说明。
b.
[分析]此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节性的事实。因此就答案本身看个个都对。读者只能将所有的细节（details）综合起来进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated
main
idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua
Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua
Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C。
c.
主题分析：第一段There
are
three
separate
sources
of
danger
in
supplying
energy
by
nuclear
power.
为文章的主题句。接着从三个方面论述主题：First…，Second…，Third…
，段首第一句分别为各段的主题句，层次分明，结构清晰，最后一段进一步归纳全文大意：Dangers
from
nuclear
power。故答案为B。
d.
答案：C。文章第一段就提到自从1952年以来研究者就测试The
Queen’s
English的口音变化；接下来文章第二段就说到这种测试的全面性和客观性；第三段和第四段举例说明这种口音变化的特点。由以上不难分析出文章是针对一个人的口音在半世纪前后的变化及分析写的，所以C最恰当。
e.
答案：D。主旨大意题。第一段开门见山，提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统；最后一段重申主题，对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是D。A项错在protecting
students；B项错在by
wireless
industry；C项错在National
Disasters。
Reading
comprehension---Main
idea
1.
The
easy
way
out
isn’t
always
easiest.
I
learned
that
lesson
when
I
decided
to
treat
Doug,
my
husband
of
one
month,
to
a
special
meal.
I
glanced
through
my
cookbook
and
chose
a
menu
which
included
homemade
bread.
Knowing
the
bread
would
take
tine,
I
started
on
it
as
soon
as
Doug
left
for
work.
As
I
was
not
experienced
in
cooking,
I
thought
if
a
dozen
was
good,
two
dozen
would
be
better,
so
I
doubled
everything.
As
Doug
loved
oranges,
I
also
opened
a
can
of
orange
and
poured
it
all
into
the
bowl.
Soon
there
was
a
sticky
dough
(面团)
covered
with
ugly
yellowish
marks.
Realizing
I
had
been
defeated,
I
put
the
dough
in
the
rubbish
bin
outside
so
I
wouldn’t
have
to
face
Doug
laughing
at
my
work.
I
went
on
preparing
the
rest
if
the
meal,
and,
when
Doug
got
home
,
we
sat
down
to
Cornish
chicken
with
rice.
He
tried
to
enjoy
the
meal
but
seemed
disturbed.
Twice
he
got
up
and
went
out
side
,
saying
he
thought
he
heard
a
noise.
The
third
time
he
left,
I
went
to
the
window
to
see
what
he
was
doing.
Looking
out
,
I
saw
Doug
standing
about
three
feet
from
the
rubbish
bin,
holding
the
lid
up
with
a
stick
and
looking
into
the
container.
When
I
came
out
of
the
house
,
he
dropped
the
stick
and
explained
that
there
was
something
alive
in
our
rubbish
bin
.
Picking
up
the
stick
again,
he
held
the
lid
up
enough
for
me
to
see.
I
felt
cold.
But
I
stepped
close
and
looked
harder.
Without
doubt
it
was
my
work.
The
hot
sun
had
caused
the
sough
to
dough
to
double
in
size
and
the
fermenting
yeast
(酵母)
made
the
surface
shake
and
sigh
as
thought
it
were
breathing
.
It
looked
like
some
unknown
being
from
outer
space.
I
could
see
why
Doug
was
shaken.
I
had
to
admit
what
the
“living
thing”
was
and
why
it
was
there.
I
don’t
know
who
was
more
embarrassed
(尴尬)
by
the
whole
thing
–Doug
or
me.
The
writer’s
purpose
in
writing
this
story
is
___________
a.
to
tell
an
interesting
experience.
b.
To
show
the
easiest
way
out
of
a
difficulty.
c.
To
describe
the
trouble
facing
a
newly
married
woman
d.
To
explain
the
difficulty
of
learning
to
cook
from
books
2
Decision
thinking
is
not
unlike
poker---
it
of
ten
matters
not
only
what
you
think,
but
also
what
others
think
you
think
and
what
you
think
they
think
you
think.
The
mental
process
()
is
similar.
Naturally,
this
card
game
has
often
been
of
considerable
interest
to
people
who
are,
by
any
standards,
good
thinkers.
The
great
mathematician
John
von
Neumann
was
one
of
the
founders
of
game
theory.
In
particular,
he
showed
that
all
games
of
“perfect
information”,
games
like
chess
where
the
players
can’t
hide
anything
or
play
tricks;
they
don’t
win
by
chance,
but
by
means
of
logic
and
skills.
Then
there
are
games
of
“
imperfect
information”,
like
poker,
in
which
it
is
impossible
to
know
in
advance
that
one
course
of
action
is
better
than
another.
One
mistaken
idea
about
business
is
that
it
can
be
treated
as
a
game
of
perfect
information.
Quit
the
reverse.
Business,
politics,
life
itself
are
games
which
we
must
normally
play
with
very
imperfect
information.
Business
decisions
are
often
made
with
many
unknown
and
unknowable
factors
()
which
would
even
puzzle()
best
poker
players.
But
few
business
people
find
it
comfortable
to
admit
that
they
are
taking
a
chance,
and
many
still
prefer
to
believe
that
they
are
playing
chess,
not
poker.
The
subject
discussed
in
this
text
is
_____
a.
the
process
of
reaching
decisionb.
the
difference
between
poker
and
chess
c.
the
secret
of
making
good
business
plans
d.
the
value
of
information
in
winning
games
3
Most
people
feel
lonely
sometimes,
but
it
usually
only
lasts
between
a
few
minutes
and
a
few
hours.
This
kind
of
loneliness
is
not
serious,
In
fact,
it
is
quite
normal.
For
some
people,
though,
loneliness
can
last
for
years.
Now
researchers
say
there
are
three
different
types
of
loneliness.
The
first
kind
of
loneliness
is
temporary(暂时的)
.
This
is
the
most
common
type.
It
usually
disappears
quickly
and
does
not
require
any
special
attention.
The
second
kind,
situational
loneliness,
is
a
natural
result
of
a
particular
situation—for
example
a
family
problem,
the
death
of
a
loves
one,
or
moving
to
a
new
place.
Although
this
kind
of
loneliness
can
cause
physical
problems,
such
as
headaches
and
sleeplessness,
it
usually
does
not
last
for
more
than
a
year.
The
third
kind
of
loneliness
is
the
most
severe.
Unlike
the
second
type,
chronic(长期的)
loneliness
usually
lasts
more
than
two
years
and
has
no
specific
cause.
People
who
experience
habitual
loneliness
have
problems
socializing
and
becoming
close
to
others.
Unfortunately,
many
chronically
lonely
people
think
there
is
little
or
nothing
they
can
do
to
improve
their
condition.
Psychologists
agree
that
one
important
factor
in
loneliness
is
a
person’s
social
contacts,
e.g.
friends,
family
members,
co-workers,
etc.
We
depend
on
various
people
for
different
reasons.
For
instance,
our
families
give
us
emotional
support,
our
parents
share
similar
interests
and
activities.
However,
psychologists
have
found
that,
though
lonely
people
may
have
many
social
contacts,
they
sometimes
feel
they
should
have
more.
They
question
their
own
popularity.
Psychologists
are
trying
to
find
ways
to
help
habitually
lonely
people
for
two
reasons:
they
are
unhappy
and
unable
to
socialize
and
there
is
a
connection
between
chronic
loneliness
and
serious
illness
such
as
heart
disease.
While
temporary
and
situational
loneliness
can
be
a
normal,
healthy
part
of
life,
chronic
loneliness
can
be
a
very
sad,
and
sometimes
dangerous
condition.
1.
The
topic
of
the
4th
paragraph
is
that
_________.
one
problem
of
loneliness
is
a
person’s
social
contactswe
depend
on
various
people
for
different
reasons
lonely
people
don’t
have
many
social
problems
lonely
people
don’t
have
many
friends2.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
a.
Three
Kinds
of
Loneliness.
b.
:Loneliness
and
Diseases
c.
Loneliness
and
Social
Contacts
d.
Chronic
Loneliness.
4．Excused
from
recycling
because
you
live
in
a
high
rise
with
a
rubbish
chute
(垃圾道)?
You
won’t
be
for
long.
Miami’s
Mark
Shantzis
has
made
it
simple
for
those
living
in
tall
buildings
to
use
the
chute
and
cycle,
too.
In
Shantzis’
Hi-Rise
Recycling
system,
a
chute
leads
to
a
pip-shaped
container
with
six
boxes
that
can
turn
around
when
operated.
The
system,
which
fits
in
the
same
space
as
the
chute
and
container
now
in
use,
enables
,glass,
plastics,
paper,
metal,
and
other
rubbish
to
go
into
separate
boxes.
The
system
is
controlled
from
a
board
foxed
next
to
the
chute
door.
The
board
has
a
button
for
each
class
of
recycling
materials
().
At
the
press
of
a
button,
a
microcomputer
locks
all
other
floors’
chute
doors
and
sets
the
recycling
container
turning
until
the
right
box
comes
under
the
chute.
The
computer
also
counts
the
loads
and
gives
a
signal
by
phone
when
the
box
is
full.
And
a
particular
piece
of
equipment
breaks
up
the
nonrecyclables.
Sorting(分类)
recyclables
before
they
are
collected
saves
the
use
of
expensive
materials
recovery
equipment
which
otherwise
has
to
do
the
sorting.
Such
equipment
often
makes
recycled
materials
very
expensive,
so
expensive
that
tones
of
recyclables
remain
wasted.
Shantzis
believes
his
system
could
help
recycled
materials
become
more
cost-effective.
(NMET
2000
年
E)
The
purpose
in
writing
this
text
is
_________.
A
to
encourage
people
to
recycle
their
rubbish.
B.
to
introduce
a
recycling
system
for
high
rises
C
to
describe
the
use
of
computer
technology
in
recycling
D
to
explain
the
need
for
rubbish
collection
in
high
rise
5
Many
cities
around
the
world
today
are
heavily
polluted.
Careless
methods
of
production
and
lack
of
consumer
demand
for
environment()
friendly
products
have
contributed
to
the
pollution
problem.
One
result
is
that
millions
of
tons
of
glass,
paper,
plastics,
and
these
are
difficult
to
get
rid
of.
However,
today,
more
and
more
consumers
are
choosing
“green”
and
demanding
that
the
products
they
buy
should
be
safe
for
the
environment.
Before
they
buy
a
product,
they
ask
questions
like
these,
“Will
this
shampoo
damage
the
environment?”
“Can
this
metal
container
be
reused
or
can
it
only
be
used
once?”
A
recent
study
showed
that
two
out
of
five
adults
now
consider
the
environmental
safety
of
a
product
before
they
buy
it,
this
means
that
companies
must
now
changed
the
way
they
make
and
sell
their
products
to
make
sure
that
they
are
“green”,
that
is,
friendly
to
the
environment.
Only
a
few
years
ago,
it
was
impossible
to
find
green
products
in
supermarkets,
but
now
there
are
hundreds.
Some
supermarket
products
carry
labels
(标签)
to
show
that
the
product
is
green.
Some
companies
have
made
the
manufacturing
(生产)
of
clean
and
safe
products
their
main
selling
point
and
emphasize
it
in
their
advertising.
The
concern
for
a
safer
and
cleaner
environment
is
making
companies
rethink
how
they
do
business.
No
longer
will
the
pubic
accept
the
old
attitude
of
“buy
it,
use
it
,
throw
it
away,
and
forget
it.”
The
public
pressure
is
on
,
and
gradually
business
is
cleaning
up
its
act.NMET2001
C
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
a.
Business
and
People
b.
Business
Goes
Green
c.
Shopping
Habits
Are
Changing
d.
Supermarkets
and
Green
Products
6
If
you
ask
people
to
name
the
one
person
who
had
the
greatest
effect
on
the
English
language,
you
will
get
answers
like
“Shakespeare,”
“Samuel
Johnson,”
and
“Webster”,
but
none
of
these
men
had
any
effect
at
all
compared
to
a
man
who
didn’t
even
speak
English
----William
the
Conqueror.
Before
1066,
in
the
land
we
now
call
Great
Britain
lived
peoples
belonging
to
two
major
language
groups.
In
the
west-central
region
lived
the
Welsh,
who
spoke
a
Celtic
language,
and
in
the
north
lived
the
Scots,
whose
language
,
though
not
the
same
as
Welsh,
was
also
Celtic.
In
the
rest
of
the
country
lived
the
Saxons
,
actually
a
mixture
of
Anglos,
Saxons,
and
other
Germanic
and
Nordic
peoples,
who
spoke
what
we
now
call
Anglo-Saxon
(or
Old
English
),
a
Germanic
language.
If
this
state
of
affairs
had
lasted,
English
today
would
be
close
to
German.
But
this
state
of
affairs
did
not
last.
In
1066
the
Normans
led
by
William
defeated
the
Saxons
and
began
their
rule
over
England.
For
about
a
century,
French
became
the
official
language
of
England
while
Old
English
became
the
language
of
peasants.
As
a
result,
English
words
of
politics
and
the
law
come
from
French
rather
than
German.
In
some
cases,
,modern
English
even
shows
a
distinction
()
between
upper-class
French
and
lower-class
Anglo-Saxon
in
its
words.
We
even
have
different
words
for
some
foods,
meat
in
particular,
depending
on
whether
it
is
still
out
in
the
field
or
at
ready
to
be
cooked,
which
shows
the
fact
that
the
Saxon
peasants
were
doing
the
farming,
while
the
upper-class
Normans
were
doing
most
of
the
eating.
When
Americans
visit
Europe
for
the
first
time,
they
usually
find
Germany
more
“foreign”
than
France
because
the
German
they
see
on
signs
and
advertisements
seems
much
more
different
from
English
language
is
actually
Germanic
in
its
beginning
and
that
the
French
influences
are
all
the
result
of
one
man’s
ambition.
NMET2001D
What
is
the
subject
discussed
in
the
text?
a.
The
history
of
Great
Britain.
b.
The
similarity
between
English
and
French.
c.
The
rule
of
England
by
William
the
conquerord.
The
French
influences
on
the
English
language.
7
Britain’s
oldest
man
made
his
first
visit
to
London
yesterday
at
the
age
of
110.
Mr.
John
Evans
had
never
found
the
time
or
the
money
to
make
the
trip
from
his
home
near
Swansea.
But,
when
British
Rail
offered
him
an
all-expenses-paid
birthday
trip
to
the
capital,
he
just
could
not
refuse.
Until
yesterday
he
had
never
been
far
from
home,
except
for
one
trip
to
Aberdeen.
Mr.Evens,
who
spent
60
years
working
as
a
miner
in
South
Wales,
almost
made
the
journey
to
London
once
before,
at
the
turn
of
the
century.
“There
was
a
trip
to
the
White
city
but
it
was
ten
shillings
(1shilling
=1/20
pound
)
return
from
Swansea-too
much
I
thought.
All
my
money
went
to
the
family
then,”
he
said.
During
the
nest
two
days
Mr.
Evens
will
be
taken
on
a
whistle-stop
tour
of
London
to
see
the
sights.
Top
of
his
list
is
a
visit
to
the
Houses
of
Parliament()
The
only
arrangement
he
does
not
care
for
is
the
wheelchair
provided
to
move
him
about
if
he
gets
tired.
“
I
don’t
like
the
chair
business-people
will
so
think
I
am
getting
old,”
he
said.
Hi
secret
for
a
long
and
healthy
life
has
been
well
publicized—no
alcohol,
no
cigarette
and
no
anger.
Before
setting
off
from
Swansea
with
his
76-year-old
son,
Amwel,
he
quipped,
“
I’m
glad
to
see
they’ve
given
me
a
return
ticket.”2003shanfhai
C
What
might
be
the
best
title
for
this
passage?
a.
100-year-old
Tourist
b.
Secret
for
Long
and
healthy
life
c.
Free
Return
Ticketd.
Sightseeing
in
London
8
BEING
–set
of
by
the
April
1
Sino-us
plane
collision(相撞)
and
US
official
agreement
of
the
biggest
arms
sale
to
Taiwan
in
decade
(ten
years)
as
well
as
remarks
by
US
president
Bush
on
Defending
Taiwan,
there
have
been
increasing
hacker
attacks
on
websites
of
the
two
countries
in
the
past
weeks.
An
American
group
of
hackers
（黑客)
which
calls
itself
Poison
Box
had
begun
ruining
Chinese
websites
after
the
April1
spy
plane
incident,
top
Chinese
portal
sina.com
said.
The
Chinese
soon
attacked
back.
On
April
2,
Chinese
hackers
invaded
two
Government
websites
over
the
weekend,
forcing
the
Department
of
labor
and
the
Department
of
the
Health
and
Human
Services
to
shut
down
their
sites
for
a
short
time.
The
US
Department
of
labor
went
off
line
for
a
few
hours
after
a
page
in
its
website
was
changed
to
display
a
picture
of
Wang
Wei,
the
Chinese
pilot
who
died
in
the
collision.
The
page
was
titled
“China
back!”
and
read,
in
English,
“the
whole
country
is
so
sorry
for
losing
the
best
son
of
China
---Wang
Wei
forever.
We
will
miss
the
end
of
the
day.”
On
May1,
hackers
exchanged
bad
remarks
(脏话)
in
which
the
official
White
House
website
was
defaced
(毁容)
by
a
huge
amount
of
e-mail
garbage.
On
May5,
the
White
House
website
fell
victim
(受害者)
to
a
denial
(拒绝)
of
serviced
attack
that
blocked
access
(通道)
to
the
site
for
more
than
two
hours.
The
Computer
Network
and
Information
Security
Management
Office
told
web
operators
an
average
of
100
sites
a
day
had
seen
“some
more
form
of
attack.”
The
best
title
of
the
passage
is
_____.
a.
Sino-US
plane
collision.
b.
Sino-US
Hackers
Fighting
Cyber
()
war
c.
Cyber
war
continuing
d.
Wang
wei,
our
best
son
9
There
were
two
interesting
news
items
()
in
the
paper
a
few
years
ago
.
One
was
about
a
man
who
received
a
bill
from
the
telephone
company
for
￡999,999—for
three
month!
The
other
was
about
a
man
who
received
￡2,000
a
month
---for
doing
nothing.
The
connection
between
the
two
news
items
is
simple:
computer
–
the
best
invention
of
the
20th
century.
The
telephone
bill
came
from
a
computer
which
made
a
terrifying
mistake
,
that
was
only
￡23.36.
The
other
item
was
not
so
amusing
.
A
man
walked
into
the
unguarded
()
computer
room
of
a
large
packaged
food
company
(袋装食品生产公司)
and
expectly
programmed
the
computer
(给计算机编程序)
to
pay
him
￡2,000
a
month
for
raw
meat
which
he
“supplied”
to
the
company.
Of
course
he
never
sent
the
meat,
but
he
certainly
received
the
money.
The
computer
wrote
out
a
bill,
and
even
“signed
”it
.
It
was
only
a
random
(随便的)
check
that
uncovered
the
trick.
It
could
be
happening
in
thousands
of
other
companied
all
over
the
world.
Computers
are
not
the
magical
workers
that
some
people
say
they
are.
They
make
mistakes,
they’re
sometimes
slower
than
human
beings
and
they’re
easily
fooled.
The
US
used
to
conscript
(征兵)
people
with
the
help
of
a
computer.The
army
sent
out
a
card,
which
had
to
be
filled
in
and
sent
back.
It
was
easy
to
avoid
being
called
up
simply
by
spreading
candle-waxon
on
the
card.
The
computer
couldn’t
read
the
card
and
did
nothing
with
it.
It’s
in
our
everyday
life
that
computers
cause
many
problems.
Let’s
get
back
to
using
people
instead
of
computers,
before
a
mistake
that
we
can’t
put
right.
The
writer’s
main
idea
is
__________.
A
we’d
better
use
people
instead
of
computers
in
our
everyday
life.
B.
We
should
not
use
computers
because
they
always
make
mistakes
C.
computers
are
widely
used
in
our
everyday
life
D.
if
we
want
to
work
well,
don’t
use
the
computers.
10During
the
early
years
of
this
century,
wheat
was
seen
as
the
very
lifeblood
of
Western
Canada.
When
the
crops
were
good,
the
economy
on
city
streets
watched
the
yields
and
the
price
of
wheat
with
almost
as
much
felling
as
if
they
were
growers.
The
marketing
of
wheat
became
an
increasingly
favorite
topic
of
conversation.
War
set
the
stage
for
the
most
dramatic
events
in
marketing
the
western
crop.
For
years,
farmers
mistrusted
speculative
grain
selling
as
carried
on
through
the
Winnipeg
Grain
Exchange.
Wheat
prices
were
generally
low
in
the
autumn,
but
farmers
could
not
wait
for
markets
to
improve.
It
had
happened
too
often
that
they
sold
their
wheat
soon
after
harvest
when
farm
debts
were
coming
due,
only
to
see
prices
rising
and
speculators
getting
rich.
On
various
occasions,
producer
groups
asked
for
farmer
controls,
but
governments
had
no
wish
to
become
involved,
at
least
not
until
wartime
wheat
prices
threatened
to
run
wild.Anxious
to
check
inflation
and
rising
living
costs,
the
federal
government
appointed
a
board
of
grain
supervisors
to
handle
deliveries
from
the
crops
of
1917
and
1918.
Grain
Exchange
trading
was
suspended,
and
farmers
sold
at
prices
fixed
by
the
board.
To
handle
the
crop
of
1919,
the
government
appointed
the
first
Canadian
Wheat
Board,
with
full
authority
to
buy,
sell
and
set
prices.
What
is
the
main
purpose
of
the
passage?
A.
To
explain
how
wheat
is
marketed
today
B.
To
justify
suspension
of
trading
on
the
Grain
Exchange.
C.
To
describe
the
origins
of
the
Canadian
Wheat
Board.
D.
To
argue
for
further
reforms
on
the
Canadian
Wheat
Board
11.
April
27
is
Take
Our
Daughters
to
Work
Day
in
Britain.
Started
at
first
in
the
United
States
and
brought
to
Britain
in
1994,
Take
Our
Daughter
to
Work
Day
has
become
a
special
day
for
girls
between
11
and
15.
On
that
day
thousands
of
girls
take
a
day
off
school
and
go
together
with
one
of
their
parents
to
their
work
places.
The
purpose
of
this
day
is
to
broaden
girls’
horizons(视野)
and
raise
their
self-confidence.
For
many
years
people
have
thought
that
boy
can
do
better
than
girls
in
society.
But
actually,
“Girls
can
be
whatever
they
want
to
be
just
like
boys,
whether
it
is
a
pilot
,
a
nurse
or
a
chief
executive
(主管),”
says
the
chairman
of
the
Our
Sons
and
Daughters
Charitable
Trust,
an
organization
which
supported
the
activity
of
the
Day.
“
Now
the
girls
have
a
close
look
at
what
their
parents
are
doing
and
this
may
help
them
to
be
more
self-confident
when
they
are
faced
with
a
choice
of
work.”
Schools
and
many
companied
support
the
activity,
too.
Palmers
Green
High
School
for
girls
,
in
north
London,
has
made
the
day
a
necessary
of
careers
education.
Zarina
Bart,15,
from
Palmers
Green,
went
with
her
mother
Gwen
to
her
lawyer’s
office
on
this
year’s
Take
Our
Daughters
to
Work
Day.
“I
learned
how
to
fill
in
a
legal
aid
form
and
I
read
details
of
a
case.
Then
I
went
to
see
the
actual
trail,”
she
said.
Zarina
found
it
interesting
to
see
her
mother
at
work
.
“It’s
really
strange
seeing
Mum
at
work-running
around,
getting
serious
and
telling
people
what
to
do.”
She
has
always
liked
this
idea
of
going
into
law
and
thinks
it
likely
that
she
will
follow
in
her
mother’s
footsteps.
Having
a
chance
to
see
how
her
mother
works
has
given
hr
more
self-confidence.
Experts
believe
that
girls
with
higher
self-confidence
aim
higher
and
are
more
likely
to
be
successful
in
life.
Parents
have
more
important
effert
on
the
confidence
of
teenage
girls.
If
parents
believe
in
their
daughter
and
show
examples
both
at
work
as
well
as
at
home
for
them,
this
will
give
a
lot
of
help
to
girls.
Take
Our
Daughters
to
Work
Day
is
surely
a
step
in
the
right
direction.
The
writer’s
purpose
in
writing
this
text
is
to
_________
A
introduce
to
us
a
special
day
for
girls
B
broaden
girls’
view
and
raise
their
confidence
C
show
us
that
girls
can
do
as
well
as
boys
D
tell
how
the
special
day
for
girls
came
into
being
12To
swim
the
English
channel
takes
at
least
nine
hours.
It’s
hard
work
and
it
makes
you
short
of
breath.
To
fly
over
the
channel
takes
only
twenty
minutes
as
long
as
you’re
not
held
up
at
the
airport,
but
it’s
an
expensive
way
to
travel.
You
can
travel
by
hovercraft(气垫船)
if
you
don’t
mind
the
noise
and
that
takes
forty
minutes.
Otherwise
,
you
can
go
by
boat,
if
you
remember
sea-sickness
pills.
All
these
means
of
transport
(运输)
have
their
problems,
and
the
weary
(厌烦的)
traveler
often
dreams
of
being
able
to
drive
to
France
in
his
own
car.
“Not
possible,
you
say.
Well,
wait
a
minute
people
are
once
again
considering
the
idea
of
a
Channel
tunnel
or
bridge.”
This
time
,
the
great
London
Council(议会)
is
looking
into
the
possibility
of
building
a
channel
link
straight
to
London.
A
bridge
would
cost
far
more
a
tunnel,
but
you
would
be
able
to
go
by
rail
or
by
car
on
a
bridge,
whereas
(然而)
a
tunnel
would
provide
a
rail
link
only.
Why
is
this
idea
being
discussed
again?
Is
Britain
realizing
the
need
for
links
with
Europe
as
a
result
of
joining
EEC(欧共体)?
Well,
perhaps.
The
main
reason
,
though,
is
that
a
tunnel
or
bridge
would
reach
the
twenty
square
kilometers
of
London’s
discussed
stimulate(刺激)
trade
and
revitalise
(使…..具有活力)
the
port,
and
would
,make
London
a
main
trading
center
in
Europe.
With
a
link
over
the
channel,
you
could
buy
your
fish
and
chips
in
England
and
be
able
to
eat
them
in
France
while
they
are
still
warm!
The
main
idea
of
the
passage
is
______A
how
to
develop
the
trade
of
LondonB
crossing
the
Channel
is
difficult
C
how
to
get
to
Europe
more
conveniently
D
what
to
do
in
the
development
of
traveling
13Believe
it
or
not,
optical
illusion(错觉)
can
cut
highway
crashes(撞毁)
Japan
is
a
case
in
point.
It
has
reduced
automobile
crashes
on
some
roads
by
nearly
75
percent
using
a
simple
optical
illusion.
Bent
strips,
called
cheverons
(人字形),
painted
on
the
roads
make
drivers
think
that
they
are
faster
than
they
really
are,
and
thus
drivers
slow
down.
Now
the
American
Automobile
Association
Foundation
for
Traffic
Safety
in
Washington
D.C.
is
planning
to
repeat
Japan’s
success.
Starting
next
year,
the
foundation
will
paint
cheverons
and
other
patterns
of
strips
on
selected
roads
around
the
country
to
test
how
well
the
patterns
reduce
highway
crashes.
Excessive
speed
plays
a
major
role
in
as
much
a
one
fifth
of
all
fatal(致命)
traffic
accidents,
according
to
the
foundation.
To
help
reduce
those
accidents,
the
foundation.
To
help
reduce
those
accidents,
the
foundation
will
carry
its
tests
in
areas
where
speed-related
hazards(危险)
are
the
greatest
–curves(弯),
exit
slopes,
traffic
circles,
and
bridges.
Some
studies
suggest
that
straight,
horizontal
bars(水平障碍物)painted
across
roads
can
initially(最初)
cut
the
average
speed
of
drivers
in
half.
However,
traffic
often
returns
to
full
speed
within
months
as
drivers
become
used
to
seeing
the
painted
bars.
Cheverons,
scientists
say,
not
only
give
drivers
the
impression
that
they
are
driving
faster
than
they
really
are,
but
also
make
a
lane(车道)
appear
to
be
narrower.
The
result
is
a
longer
lasting
reduction
in
highway
speed
and
the
number
of
traffic
accidents.
The
passage
mainly
discusses
________.
A
a
new
way
of
highway
speed
control
B
a
new
pattern
for
painting
highways
C
a
new
way
to
training
drivers
D
a
new
type
of
optical
illusion14Farmer
ED
Rawlings
smiles
as
he
looks
at
his
orange
trees.
The
young
oranges
are
growing
well
in
Florida’s
weather.
Warm
sunshine
and
gentle
rains,
along
with
ED
Rawlings
expert
care,
will
produce
a
good
crop
of
oranges
this
year.But
ED
has
to
fight
against
Florida’s
changeable
winter
weather.
In
January
and
February,
temperature
can
destroy
ED’s
entire
orange
crops.
Having
farmed
in
Florida
for
the
past
35
years,
Ed
Rawlings
is
prepared
for
the
frosts().
When
temperatures
drop
below
freezing,
Ed
tries
to
save
his
crop
by
watering
his
orange
trees.
The
water
freezes
and
forms
a
thin
layer()
of
ice
on
the
trees.
Strange
as
it
may
sound,
this
thin
layer
of
ice
actually
keep
the
fruit
warm..What
happens
is
simple.
When
the
trees
are
watered,
the
water
loses
heat
and
becomes
ice.
The
warmth
of
the
heat
it
loses
is
sicked
in
by
the
fruit
and
keeps
its
temperature
at
a
safe
level.Ed
Rawling
has
effectively
used
this
method
to
save
many
orange
crops.But
Ed
still
faces
some
difficulties.
The
trees
should
be
watered
at
the
exact
moment
the
temperature
drops
to
the
freezing
point.
Also,
just
the
right
quantity
of
water
must
be
used.
Too
much
water
can
form
a
thick
layer
of
ice
that
will
break
the
trees
branches.
Another
difficulty
is
that
wind
blows
away
the
heat.
So
Ed
has
to
worry
about
not
only
when
but
also
how
often
his
trees
should
be
watered,
and
how
much
water
should
be
used.
Computer
technology
may
help
Ed
with
some
of
these
worries.
With
equipment,
air
and
soil
temperatures
and
wind
speed
can
be
measured.
The
information
is
fed
into
a
computer
which
can
tell
when
temperatures
drop
to
freezing.
The
computer
can
correctly
decide
the
quantity
of
water
to
be
used
and
how
frequently
the
trees
should
be
watered.
Ed
will
find
looking
after
his
orange
trees
a
lot
easier
with
the
help
of
a
computer,
and
we’ll
all
have
the
benefits(or
advantages)
of
computerage
oranges.
The
passage
is
mainly
about_______.
A
a
farmer’s
expert
care
for
his
orange
trees
B
the
different
uses
of
computers
C
growing
oranges
in
Florida’s
changeable
weatherD
different
way
of
frost
protection
15
RALOALTO,
California—“Switching
off
the
television
may
help
prevent
children
from
getting
fatter—even
if
they
do
not
change
their
diet
or
increase
the
amount
they
exercise,”
US
researchers
said
last
week.
A
study
of
192
third
and
forth
grades,
generally
aged
eight
and
nine,
found
that
children
who
cut
the
number
of
hours
spent
watching
television
gained
nearly
two
pounds
(0.91kg)
less
over
a
one-year
period
than
those
who
did
not
change
their
television
diet.
“The
findings
are
important
because
they
show
that
weight
loss
can
only
be
the
result
of
a
reduction
in
television
view
and
not
any
other
activity,”
said
Thomas
Robison,
a
pediatrician()
at
Stanford
University.
In
the
study,
presented
this
week
to
the
Pediatric
Academic
Societies’
annual
meeting
()
in
San
Francisco,
the
researchers
persuaded
about
100
of
the
students
to
reduce
their
television
viewing
by
one-quarter
to
one
third.
Children
watching
fewer
hours
of
television
showed
a
pretty
smaller
increase
in
waist
size
and
had
less
body
fat
than
other
students
who
continued
their
took
part
in
any
extra
exercise.
“One
explanation
for
the
weight
loss
could
be
the
children
unstuck
to
the
television
may
simply
have
been
moving
around
more
and
burning
off
calories,”
Robinson
said.
“Another
reason
might
be
due
to
eating
fewer
meals
in
front
of
the
television.
Some
studies
have
suggested
that
eating
in
front
of
the
TV
encourages
people
to
eat
more,”
Robison
said.
The
author
tried
to
tell
us
in
the
first
two
paragraphs
that
_____
A
children
will
get
fatter
if
they
eat
too
much
B
Children
will
get
thinner
if
they
eat
less
C
children
will
get
fatter
if
they
spend
less
time
watching
TV
D
children
will
get
fatter
if
they
spend
more
time
watching
TV
16
During
the
summer
you
should
be
even
more
careful
than
usual
of
the
foods
you
prepare.
Foods
spoil
faster
in
hot
weather
than
in
cold
weather.
When
you
are
shopping
,
purchase
frozen
and
refrigerated
foods,
don’t
make
long
stops
on
your
way
home
because
frozen
foods
could
become
soft
or
warm.
Using
insulated
(密封的)
bags
helps
keep
food
cold
until
you
arrive
home.
Mild
or
milk
products
should
be
refrigerated
immediately.
When
camping
or
picnicking
or
at
any
time
when
refrigeration
isn’t
available,
use
special
dry
foods.
Above
all
,
if
a
food
doesn’t
seem
to
be
normal
in
odor(气味)
or
appearance,
discard
(抛弃)
it
immediately.
Don’t
taste
it.
What
is
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
A
How
to
store
frozen
and
refrigerated
foods
B
How
to
keep
keep
food
from
spoiling
(变坏)
during
the
summer?
C
How
to
select
fresh
food?
D
How
to
prepare
summer
food
17
A
new
era(纪元)
is
upon
us.
Call
it
what
you
will:
the
service
economy,
the
information
age,
the
knowledge
society.
It
all
translates
to
be
a
basic
change
in
the
way
we
work.
Already
we
are
there
now.
The
percentage
of
people
who
earn
their
living
by
making
things
has
fallen
fortunately
in
the
Western
World.
Today
the
major
of
jobs
in
America,
Europe
and
Japan
(two
thirds
or
more
in
many
of
these
countries)
are
in
the
service
industry,
and
the
number
in
on
the
rise.
More
women
are
in
the
workforce
than
ever
before.
There
are
more
part-time
jobs.
More
people
are
self-employed.
But
the
wildness
of
the
economic
change
can’t
be
measured
by
numbers
alone,
because
it
also
is
giving
rise
to
a
radical(根本的、彻底的)
new
way
of
thinking
about
the
nature
of
work
itself.
Long-held
views
about
jobs
and
careers,
the
skills
to
succeed,
even
the
relation
between
individuals
and
employers—all
these
are
being
challenged.
We
have
only
to
look
behind
us
to
get
some
sense
of
what
may
lie
ahead.
No
one
looking
ahead
20
years
possible
could
have
foreseen
the
ways
in
which
a
single
invention,
the
chip(芯片),
would
change
our
world
thanks
to
its
use
in
personal
computers,
digital
biotechnology(数码生物技术),
artificial
(人工的)
intelligence
or
even
some
still
unimagined
technology
could
produce
a
similar
wave
of
unexpected
changes.
But
one
thing
is
certain:
information
and
knowledge
will
become
even
more
important
,and
the
people
who
have
it
,
whether
they
work
in
manufacturing
(制造业)
or
services,
will
have
the
advantage
and
produce
the
wealth.
Computer
knowledge
will
become
as
basic
a
requirement
as
the
ability
to
read
and
write.
The
ability
to
solve
problems
by
using
information
instead
of
performing
regular
work
will
be
valued
above
all
else.
If
you
look
forward
10
years,
information
services
will
be
predominant(占优势).
It
will
be
the
way
you
do
your
job.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
vest
title
of
the
passage?
a.
Computer
and
Knowledge
Society.
b.
Service
Industry
in
the
Modern
Society
c.
Characteristics
of
the
new
Era
d.
Fast
Development
of
Information
Technology
18
It
is
commonly
believed
in
the
United
States
that
school
is
where
people
go
to
get
an
education.
Nevertheless,
it
has
been
said
that
today
children
interrupt
their
education
to
go
to
school.
The
difference
between
schooling
and
education
implied
by
this
remark
is
important.
Education
is
much
more
open-ended
and
all-inclusive
than
schooling.
Education
knows
not
limits.
It
can
take
place
anywhere,
whether
in
the
school
or
on
the
job,
whether
in
a
kitchen
or
on
a
tractor.
It
includes
both
the
formal
learning
that
takes
place
in
schools
and
the
whole
universe
of
informal
learning
.
The
agent(doer)
of
education
can
vary
from
respected
grandparents
to
the
people
arguing
about
politics
on
the
radio,
from
a
child
to
a
famous
scientist.
Whereas
schooling
has
a
certain
predictability（可预料性）,
education
quite
often
produces
surprises.
A
chance
conversation
with
a
strange
may
lead
a
person
to
discover
how
little
is
know
of
other
religious
(宗教)
.
People
receive
education
from
infancy(婴幼儿)
on.
Education,
then
,
is
a
very
broad,
inclusive
term.
It
is
a
lifelong
process
,a
process
that
starts
long
before
the
start
of
school,
and
one
that
should
be
a
necessary
of
one’s
entire
life.
Schooling,
on
the
other
hand,
is
a
specific,
formalized
process,
whose
general
pattern
varies
little
from
one
setting
to
the
next.
Throughout
a
country,
children
arrive
school
at
about
the
same
time,
take
the
assigned
()
seats,
are
taught
by
the
adult,
use
similar
textbooks,
do
homework,
take
exams,
and
so
on.
The
pieces
of
reality
that
are
to
be
learned,
whether
they
are
the
alphabet
or
an
understanding
of
the
workings
of
government,
have
been
limited
by
the
subjects
being
taught.
For
example,
high
school
students
know
that
they
are
likely
to
find
out
in
their
classes
the
truth
about
political
problems
in
their
society
or
what
the
newest
filmmakers
are
experimenting
with.
There
are
clear
undoubtful
conditions
surrounding
the
formalized
of
schooling.
What
is
the
main
idea
of
this
passage?
A.
The
best
schools
teach
a
variety
of
subjects.
B.
Education
and
schooling
are
quite
different
experiences.
C.
The
more
years
students
go
to
schools,
the
better
their
education.
D.
Students
benefit
from
schools,
which
require
bong
hours
and
homework..
19
Since
the
beginning
of
time,
man
has
invented
many
interesting
things.
Some
of
these
inventions,
like
numbers
,
the
alphabet
and
the
radio,
have
certainly
changed
history.
Since
1946,
one
of
the
most
important
inventions
has
been
the
computer.
It
will
change
all
our
lives.
At
one
time
it
was
as
large
as
a
room,
and
quite
difficult
and
slow
to
operate.
But
,
since
the
invention
of
the
silicon
ship
(),which
is
really
a
very
very
small
electric
circuit(),
computers
have
been
greatly
improved.
They
have
become
smaller,
easier
to
use,
and
faster;
they
can
store
a
lot
more
information.
Some
computer
are
made
as
well
as
television
sets.
Simple
computers
can
be
made
smaller
than
a
book.
And
computers
are
getting
smaller
all
the
time.
There
are
several
reasons
why
the
computer
is
useful
to
us.
Firstly,
it
can
store
a
very
very
large
quantity
of
information
in
its
memory.
Secondly,
the
computer
can
operate
very
quickly
–thousands
of
times
faster
than
a
human—and
it
will
not
tire.
Thirdly,
modern
computers
can
be
built
into
other
kinds
of
machines,
like
radios,
cars,
planes
and
so
on.
They
can
do
many
kinds
of
work.
Soon,
almost
everyone
,
either
at
home
or
at
work,
will
use
some
kind
of
computer.
the
lives
of
all
of
us
will
be
changed
by
this
invention.
The
main
idea
of
this
passage
is
____
A
how
the
computer
came
into
being
B
that
computers
ate
getting
smaller
and
smaller
all
the
time
C
that
the
computer
will
change
the
lives
of
all
of
us
D
that
modern
computers
can
be
built
into
other
machine
20
The
computer
is
an
electronic
machine.
It
is
a
machine
that
solves
problems
as
much
as
you
do.
As
an
example,
Let’s
trace
the
way
you
would
add
two
numbers.
Then,
let’s
see
how
a
computer
would
do
it.
Step1.
You
collect
information.
That
is,
you
either
see
or
hear
the
numbers
to
be
added.
Step2.
You
find
a
method
to
solve
the
problem.
In
this
case,
you
remember
how
to
do
addition.
Step
3
You
bring
together
the
information
(the
two
numbers),
and
the
method(addition)
Step
4
You
perform
the
operation,
adding
the
two
numbers.
Step5
You
report
the
results
of
your
work,
either
by
writing
down
the
answer
or
by
saying
it
aloud.
All
computer
go
through
five
similar
steps.
Step
1
The
computer
receives
information,
or
data,
from
the
outside.
It
changes
the
data
into
electric
language,
called
input.
Step
2
The
computer
has
been
given
a
program
contain
instructions
for
solving
the
problem.
The
instructions
ate
found
in
the
storage
or
memory.
Step
3
The
computer
bring
together
the
data
from
the
input
and
the
instructions
from
the
storage.
This
is
done
by
the
computer’s
control.
Step
4
The
computer
goes
through
the
steps
of
the
instructions
on
the
data;
this
is
called
processing.
Step
5
The
computer
changes
the
result
from
electric
language
to
human
language.
It
presents
the
results
in
print
or
sound,
called
output.
Sometimes
the
five
parts
of
a
computer
–input,
storage,
control,
processor
,
and
output—are
together
in
one
large
unit.
Other
times
they
are
far
apart
and
connected
by
wires.
Often,
large
computers
have
one
control
and
processing
unit,
with
a
number
of
separate
memory,
input,
and
output
device.
What
does
the
passage
mainly
tell
us?
A
The
computer
is
an
electric
machine.
B
Computer
solve
problems
in
the
same
way
as
people
do
C
How
we
add
two
numbers
D
Computers
have
five
parts
together
in
one
unit.
21
Astronomers
have
spent
hundreds
of
years
searching
for
signs
of
life
on
other
planets,
using
telescopes.
When
they
saw
the
geography
of
Mars
(火星),
they
thought
they
could
see
canals
and
that
this
might
be
evidence
of
intelligent
life
on
the
planet.
More
recently,
however,
spacecraft
have
been
sent
there
to
analyse
(分析)
the
soil
for
signs
of
life.
The
result
were
negative
and
astronomers
now
feel
certain
that
no
life
exist
on
the
surface
of
any
craft
far
beyond
our
solar
system
（太阳系）I
not
realistic
because
of
the
huge
distances.
Unless
life
comes
and
visit
us,
the
only
way
we
likely
to
know
of
its
existence
is
from
radio
message.
Listening
for
intelligent
extraterrestrial
(外星的)
or
E.T.
life
is
not
a
new
idea,
but
the
techniques
now
being
used
offer
a
much
better
chance
off
success
than
before.
Looking
for
evidence
of
life
in
other
solar
systems
now
means
using
special
radio
receivers
called
radio
telescopes
to
listen
out
for
message.
The
idea
is
that
intelligent
forms
of
life
would
have
discovered
radio
waves
and
would,
like
us,
be
using
them
to
communicate.
Through
its
research
work,
NASA(美国国家航空航天局)
has
develop
two
means
of
systematically
searching
for
E.T.
life.
The
first
method
is
to
select
the
closest
800
stars
like
our
sun
and
to
direct
a
radio
telescope
to
scan
each
of
one
them
for
electromagnetic
(电磁)
wave.
The
second
way
is
to
survey
the
entire
sky,
listening
for
continuous
signals
which
may
come
from
extraterrestrial
life.
Scientists
are
looking
in
the
100-10,000
MegaHetz(兆赫)
frequency
range—a
range
where
there
are
fewer
natural
radio
signals
which
could
interfere
(干扰)
with
transmission
(传输).
By
looking
signals
in
these
specific
regions,
scientists
can
avoid
any
confusion
that
might
be
caused
by
receiving
a
natural
radio
signal
rather
than
one
sent
by
intelligent
life.
NASA’s
search
in
space
has
already
resulted
in
some
discoveries
–including
new
equipment
which
may
help
in
the
development
of
new
communication
and
medical
technologies.
All
this
,
as
well
as
the
chance
of
discovering,
has
made
us
feel
confident
that
maybe
we
are
not
alone
in
the
universe!
What
is
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
A
Astronomers
now
feel
certain
that
no
life
exists
on
the
surface
of
any
other
planet
in
our
solar
system.
B
It
is
realistic
to
send
a
spacecraft
far
beyond
our
solar
system
to
search
for
E.T.
life.
C
There
I
no
E.T.
life
on
Mars.
D
Using
radio
telescopes
to
listen
out
for
message
from
E.T.
life
,
scientists
have
discovered
that
the
new
equipment
nay
help
in
the
development
of
new
communication
and
medical
technologies.
22
It
is
burning
hot
in
Mali,
an
island
country
in
Africa,
where
the
highest
temperature
even
reach
55℃,
while
the
average
temperature
of
the
whole
year
there
maintains
(维持)
above
45℃.
But
to
our
great
surprise,
the
tourism
(旅游线)
there
is
getting
very
well.
Nearly
all
the
year
round
the
tourists
can
be
seen
coming
and
going.
That
is
because
there
are
a
large
number
of
“In-the-Well
Hotels”
in
Mali.
It
means
that
first
of
all,
people
have
dug
a
thirty-metre-deep
well
under
very
hot
land
surface,
then
in
the
wall
of
the
well
several
empty
caves,
about
two
metres
high
each,
are
made.
In
these
caves
beds
are
arranged.
Obviously,
In-the-Well
Hotel,
not
as
hot
as
it
is
out
of
the
well,
remains
only
about
12~20℃.
In
the
cave
rooms,
tourists
can
find
all
the
daily
necessaries.
It
not
only
frees
the
guests
of
the
country
from
the
hot
weather
but
also
gives
them
a
new
and
fresh
experience.
So
it
is
appealing(吸引人的)
to
the
tourists
coming
all
parts
of
the
world.
The
best
title
for
this
passage
should
be
________.
A
Mali,
A
Burning
Hot
Country
B
Tourism
In
Mali
C
The
Well
Hotel
D
A
way
to
Develop
Tourism
23
Imagine
life
as
a
game
in
which
you
are
playing
with
some
five
balls
in
the
air.
You
name
them
work,
family,
health,
friends
and
spirit,
and
you’re
keeping
all
these
balls
in
the
air.
You
understand
that
work
is
a
rubber
ball.If
you
drop
it,
it
will
bounce
back.
But
the
other
four
balls
are
made
of
glass.
If
you
drop
one
of
these,
it
will
be
surely
marked,
broken,
damaged
or
even
shattered(粉碎).
They
will
never
bethe
same.
You
must
understand
that
and
strive
for
balance
in
your
life.
How?
Don’t
undermine
(低估)
your
worth
by
comparing
yourself
to
others
.
It
is
because
we
are
different
that
each
of
us
is
special.
Don’t
set
your
goals
by
what
other
people
consider
important.
Only
you
know
what
is
best
for
you.
Don’t
take
for
granted
the
things
closest
to
your
heart.
Stick
to
them
as
you
would
to
life,
for
without
them,
it’s
meaningless.
Don’t
let
life
one
day
at
a
time,
you
live
ALL
the
days
of
your
life.
Don’t
run
through
life
so
fast
that
your
forget
not
only
where
you’ve
been,
but
also
where
you’re
going.
Don’t
use
time
or
words
carelessly.
Neither
can
be
regained.
Life
is
not
a
race,
but
a
journey
to
be
enjoyed
each
step
of
the
way.
Yesterday
is
history,
tomorrow
is
a
mystery,
and
today
is
a
gift.
That
is
why
we
call
it---The
Present.
Which
of
the
following
best
states
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
A
We
should
strive
for
balance
in
our
life.
B
We
should
not
undermine
our
worth
by
comparing
ourselves
to
others
C
We
should
not
set
our
goals
by
what
other
people
consider
important.
D
Words
and
time
will
never
return
once
they
are
gone.
24
Some
people
think
they
have
an
answer
to
the
problems
of
automobile
crowding
and
pollution
in
large
cities.
Their
answer
is
the
bicycle,
or
“bike”.In
a
great
many
cities,
hundreds
of
people
ride
bicycles
to
work
everyday.
In
New
York
Cith,
some
bike
riders
have
even
formed
a
group
called
Bike
fie
a
Better
City.
They
claim
that
if
more
people
rode
bicycles
to
work
there
would
be
fewer
automobiles
in
the
downtown
section
of
the
city
and
therefore
less
dirty
air
from
car
engines.
For
several
years
this
group
has
been
trying
to
get
the
city
government
to
help
bicycle
riders.
For
example,
they
want
the
city
to
paint
special
lanes
–for
bicycles
only—on
some
of
the
main
streets,
because
when
bicycle
riders
must
use
the
same
lanes
as
cars,
there
may
be
accidents.
Bike
foe
a
Better
City
feels
that
if
there
were
special
lanes,
more
people
would
use
bikes.
But
no
bicycle
lanes
have
been
painted
yet.
Not
everyone
thinks
it
is
a
good
idea.
Taxi
drivers
don’t
like
the
idea—they
say
it
will
slow
traffic.
Some
store
owners
on
the
main
streets
don’t
like
the
idea—they
say
if
there
is
less
traffic,
they
will
have
less
business.
And
most
people
live
too
far
from
downtown
to
travel
by
bike.
The
government
has
not
yet
decided
what
to
do
.
It
wants
to
keep
everyone
happy.
On
weekends,
Central
Park---the
largest
open
space
in
New
York
–is
closed
to
cars,
and
the
roads
may
be
used
by
bicycles
only.
But
Bike
for
a
Better
City
says
that
this
is
not
enough
and
keeps
fighting
to
get
bicycle
lanes
downtown.
Until
that
happens,
the
safest
place
to
bicycles
may
be
in
the
park.
The
main
idea
of
the
passage
is
to
show_________.
A
the
problems
of
automobile
crowding
and
pollution
in
large
city,
B
bike
for
a
Better
City’s
answer
to
the
problems
of
automobiles
C
a
great
many
bike
riders
in
New
York
City.
D
the
city
government’s
decision
about
bicycle
lanes.
25
In
its
country
of
Germany,
the
hot
dog
was
called
the
frankfurter.
It
was
named
after
Frankfurt,
a
German
city.
Frankfurters
were
first
sold
in
the
United
States
in
the
1860s.
Americans
called
frankfurters
“dachshund
sausages”.
A
dachshund
is
a
dog
from
Germany
with
a
very
long
body
and
short
legs.
Dachshund
sausages
first
became
popular
in
New
York,
especially
at
baseball
games.
At
games
they
were
sold
by
men
who
kept
them
warm
in
hot-water
tanks.
As
the
men
walked
up
and
down
the
rows
of
people,
they
yelled,
“Get
your
dachshund
sausages!
Get
your
hot
dachshund
sausages!”
People
got
the
sausages
on
buns,
a
special
bread.
One
day
in
1906,
a
newspaper
cartoonist
named
Tad
Dargan
went
to
a
baseball
game.
When
he
saw
the
man
with
the
dachshund
sausages,
he
got
an
idea
for
a
cartoon.
The
next
say
at
the
newspaper
office
he
drew
a
bun
with
a
dachshund
inside
---not
a
dachshund
sausages,
but
a
dachshund.
Dorgan
didn’t
know
to
spell
dachshund.
Under
the
cartoon,
he
wrote
“Get
you
hot
dogs!”
The
cartoon
caused
deep
interest
and
excitement
,and
so
was
the
new
name.
If
you
go
to
a
baseball
games
today,
you
can
still
see
sellers
walking
around
with
hot-water
tanks.
As
they
walked
up
and
down
the
rows
they
yell,
“Get
your
hot
dogs
here!
Get
your
hot
dogs!”
The
main
purpose
of
the
passage
is
to
show_____.
A
the
home
country
of
the
hot
dog
B
the
origin
of
the
hot
dog
C
the
selling
of
the
hot
dog
D
the
cartoon
of
the
hot
dog
26
All
of
us
eat
every
day,
but
most
of
us
don’t
understand
nutrition.
How
much
do
you
know
about
good
nutrition?
Are
the
following
statements
true
or
false?
1.
People
who
don’t
eat
meat
can
stay
healthy.
True.
As
long
as
people
eat
enough
milk,
eggs
and
meat
alternated
()
,
they
can
get
enough
protein
().
2.
Fresh
vegetables
cooked
at
home
are
always
more
nutritious
than
canned
vegetables.
False.
The
difference
depends
on
how
vegetables
are
prepared
than
whether
they
are
fresh
or
canned.
Vegetables
cooked
in
too
much
water
lose
a
great
amount
of
vitamins.
3
Food
eaten
between
meals
can
be
just
as
good
for
health
as
food
eaten
at
regular
meals.
True.
Nutritional
value
depends
on
what
type
of
food
you
eat,
not
when
you
eat
them.
Eating
an
egg
or
an
orange
between
meals
can
contribute
to
a
good
diet.
4.
Taking
extra
vitamins
beyond
the
recommended
daily
allowances
won’t
give
you
more
energy.
True.
It’s
widely
believed
that
extra
vitamins
provide
more
energy.
But
taking
more
than
the
body
needs
doesn’t
make
it
function
better,
not
more
than
overfilling
your
gas
tank
makes
your
car
run
better.
5.
Natural
vitamins
are
better
supplements
(补充)
for
the
diet
than
synthetic
vitamins.
False.
There
is
no
difference.
A
vitamin
has
the
same
properties
(性质)
and
specific
chemical
structure
whether
made
in
a
laboratory
or
taken
from
plant
or
animal
parts.
6
Older
people
need
the
same
amount
of
vitamins
as
younger
people.
True.
Older
people
need
the
same
amount
of
vitamins
as
younger
people
although
they
need
fewer
calories
(卡).
Certain
illnesses
raise
the
requirements
for
some
vitamins,
but
that
is
true
for
the
young
as
well
as
the
old.
7
Food
grow
in
poor
soil
is
lower
in
vitamins
than
food
grown
in
rich
soil.
False.
The
vitamins
in
our
food
are
made
by
the
plants
themselves.
They
don’t
come
from
the
soil.
However,
the
minerals
in
a
plant
depend
on
the
minerals
in
the
soil.
If
you
have
answered
these
questions
correctly,
You
can
say
you
know
much
about
food
and
nutrition
by
today’s
standards.
But
remember
that
nutrition
is
growing
science
and
that
it
may
be
changed
as
new
information
is
obtained.
The
main
purpose
of
the
passage
is
_____.
A
to
list
today’s
standards
of
food
and
nutritionB
to
introduce
what
should
be
eaten
and
what
not
C
to
explain
what
is
helpful
to
your
health
and
what
is
not.
D
to
test
our
nutrition
IQ
by
judging
the
problems
listed
27
When
we
say
that
Cambridge
us
a
university
town,
we
don’t
mean
just
that
it
is
a
town
with
a
university
in
it.
Manchester
and
Milan
have
universities,
but
we
don’t
call
them
university
towns.
A
university
town
is
one
where
there
is
no
clear
separation
between
the
university
buildings
and
the
rest
of
the
city.
The
university
is
not
just
one
part
of
the
town,
it
is
all
over
the
town.
The
heart
of
Cambridge
has
its
shops,
pubs
(小酒馆),
marketplace
and
so
on,
but
most
of
it
is
university—colleges,
faculties(各系部),
libraries,
clubs
and
other
places
for
university
staff(教职员工)
and
students.
Students
fill
the
shops,
cafes,
bands,
and
churches
,
making
these
as
well
part,
of
the
university.
The
town
was
there
first.
Two
Roman
roads
crossed
there,
and
there
are
signs
of
building
before
Roman
times
(earlier
than
A.D.
43).
Cambridge
became
a
center
of
learning,
and
the
authority（权威)
of
the
head
of
the
university
was
recognized
by
the
king
in
1226.
With
about
8,250
undergraduates
and
over
2,000
postgraduates,
the
city
is
a
busy
place
in
“full
turn”
(全体学生在校上课时).
Undergraduates
are
not
allowed
to
keep
cars
in
Cambridge,
so
nearly
all
of
them
use
bicycles.
Don’t
try
to
drive
through
Cambridge
during
the
five
minutes
between
lectures.
Your
bicycle
must
go
through
a
boiling
sea
of
other
bicycles
hurrying
in
all
directions.
If
you
are
in
Cambridge
at
five
minutes
to
the
hour
any
morning
of
full
term
,
you
know
that
you
are
in
a
university
town.
What
is
the
title
of
the
passage?
A
Cambridge
---
A
University
Town
B
Cambridge
---A
Centre
of
learning
C
Cambridge
with
Many
StudentsD
Cambridge
with
a
Long
History
28
Perhaps
the
most
famous
theory,
the
study
of
body
movement,
was
suggested
by
Professor
Ray
Birdwhistell.
He
believes
that
physical
appearance
is
often
culturally
(文化地)
programmed.
In
other
words,
we
learn
our
looks
–we
are
not
born
with
them.
A
baby
has
generally
informed
face
features(特征).
A
baby,
according
to
Birdwhistell,
learns
where
to
set
the
eyebrows
by
looking
at
those
around
–family
and
friends.
This
helps
explain
why
the
people
of
some
areas
of
the
United
States
look
so
much
alike.
New
Englanders
of
Southerners
have
certain
common
face
features
that
cannot
be
explained
by
genetics(遗传学).
The
exact
shape
of
the
mouth
is
not
set
at
birth,
it
is
learned
after.
In
fact,
the
final
shape
is
not
formed
until
well
after
new
teeth
are
set.
For
many,
thiscan
be
well
into
grownup.
A
husband
and
wife
together
for
a
long
time
often
come
to
look
somewhere
alike.
We
learn
our
looks
from
those
around
us.
This
is
perhaps
why
in
a
single
country
there
are
areas
where
people
smile
more
than
those
in
other
areas.
In
the
United
States,
for
example
,
the
South
is
the
part
of
the
country
where
the
people
smile
most
frequently.
In
New
England
they
smile
less,
and
in
the
western
part
of
New
York
still
less.
Many
Southerners
find
cities
such
as
New
York
are
unfriendly,
partly
because
people
on
Madison
Avenue
smile
less
than
people
on
Peachtree
Street
in
Atlanta,
Georgia.
People
in
large
polluted
areas
also
smile
and
greet
each
other
in
public
less
than
people
in
small
towns
so.
This
passage
might
have
been
taken
out
if
a
book
dealing
with_______.
A
physics
B
chemistry
C
biology
D
none
of
the
above
1.
A
2.
A
3.
A.A
4.
B
5.
B.
6.
D
7.
A
8.
B
9.
A
10.
C
11.
A
12.
C
13.
A
14.
A.
15.
D
16.
B
17.
C
18.
B
19.
C
20.
B
21.
D
22.
C
23.
A
24.
B
25.
B
26.
D
27.
A
28.
D
高考英语阅读理解
主旨大意题解题技巧
一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力。
一、题型介绍：
一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、写作特点的能力。一般说来说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。
常见的主旨大意题的考查形式：
The
text
is
mainly
about
____.
The
main
idea/The
general
idea/The
main
purpose
is
______.
What’s
the
main
point
the
writer
is
trying
to
make
in
the
last
paragraph?
What
would
be
the
best
title
/headline
for
the
text?
This
article
mainly
tells
about
the
story
of
____.
What
is
the
topic
of
the
text?
The
subject
discussed
in
this
text
is
____.
What
does
the
second
paragraph
discuss?
The
paragraph
(passage)
deals
with
_____.
What
is
mainly
discussed
in
the
text?
二、主旨大意题解题方法与步骤：
略读法是理解全文大意的快速而有效的方法，略读的关键是能抓住文章要点的前提下，以个人最快的速度阅读，主要目的是尽快获得足够的信息以便准确的回答问题，利用略读法去做阅读时，要特别注意首尾两段，要学会寻找文章段落的主题句，这是高效省事地抓住段落要点的捷径，同时也是准确理解文章大意的有效途径。在做题时要注意以下步骤：
1.先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。
2.再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。
3.以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其他深层次问题。
三、考题探究
PITTSBURGH
–
For
most
people,
snakes
seem
unpleasant
or
even
threatening.
But
Howie
Choset
sees
in
their
delicate
movements
a
way
to
save
lives.
The
37-year-old
Carnegie
Mellon
University
professor
has
spent
years
developing
snake-like
robots
，he
hopes
will
eventually
slide
through
fallen
buildings
in
search
of
victims
trapped
after
natural
disasters
or
other
emergencies.
Dan
Kara
is
president
of
Robotics
Trends,
a
Northboro,
Mass.-based
company
that
publishes
an
online
industry
magazine
and
runs
robotics
trade
shows.
He
said
there
are
other
snake-like
robots
being
developed,
mainly
at
universities,
but
didn’t
know
of
one
that
could
climb
pipes.
The
Carnegie
Mellon
machines
are
designed
to
carry
cameras
and
electronic
sensors
and
can
be
controlled
with
a
joystick(操纵杆).
They
move
smoothly
with
the
help
of
small
electric
motors,
or
servos,
commonly
used
by
hobbyists
in
model
airplanes.
Built
from
lightweight
materials,
the
robots
are
about
the
size
of
a
human
arm
or
smaller.
They
can
sense
which
way
is
up,
but
are
only
as
good
as
their
human
operators,
Choset
added.
Sam
Stover,
a
search
term
manager
with
the
Federal
Emergency
Management
Agency
based
in
Indiana,
said
snake-type
robots
would
offer
greater
mobility
than
equipment
currently
available,
such
as
cameras
attached
to
extendable
roles.
“It
just
allows
us
to
do
something
we’ve
not
been
able
to
do
before,”
Stover
said,
“We
needed
them
yesterday.”
He
said
sniffer
dogs
are
still
the
best
search
tool
for
rescue
workers,
but
that
they
can
only
be
used
effectively
when
workers
have
access
to
damaged
building.
Stover,
among
the
rescue
workers
who
handled
the
aftermath
(后果)
of
Hurricane
Katrina,
said
snake
robots
would
have
helped
rescuers
search
flooded
houses
in
that
disaster.
Choset
said
the
robots
may
not
be
ready
for
use
for
another
five
to
ten
years,
depending
on
funding.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
Snake-like
robots
used
in
industries.
B.
Snake-like
robots
made
to
aid
in
rescues.
C.
The
development
of
snake-like
robots.
D.
The
working
principles
of
snake-like
robots.
学海导航：B
该题是考查文章的主旨大意。文章的第一段只是引出这一话题，第二段才是本文的主题，第二段中提到Choest讲究
snake-like
robots是因为he
hopes
will
eventually
slide
through
fallen
buildings
in
search
of
victims
trapped
after
natural
disasters
or
other
emergencies，由此可知，Choset
研究蛇形机器人的目的是为了在自然灾害或其他的紧急事故中起作用。
四、实例演练
Everyone’s
at
it,
even
my
neighbors.
I
thought
I
might
be
the
only
person
left
in
the
world
who
hadn"t
done
an
eBay
deal.
So,
I
decided
to
try
my
hand
at
online
auction(网上拍卖).
Buying
for
beginners:
Sign
up
on
)用户上传
英语阅读理解——主旨大意-大集合 本文关键词：主旨，英语，大意，大集合，阅读理解
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