汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献 本文简介：
FailureanalysisofanautomobiledifferentialpinionshaftAbstractDifferentialisusedtodecreasethespeedandtoprovidemomentincreasefortransmittingthemovementco
汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献 本文内容：
Failure
analysis
of
an
automobile
differential
pinion
shaftAbstract
Differential
is
used
to
decrease
the
speed
and
to
provide
moment
increase
for
transmitting
the
movement
coming
from
the
engine
to
the
wheels
by
turning
it
according
to
the
suitable
angle
in
vehicles
and
to
provide
that
inner
and
outer
wheels
turn
differently.
Pinion
gear
and
shaft
at
the
entrance
are
manufactured
as
a
single
part
whereas
they
are
in
different
forms
according
to
automobile
types.
Mirror
gear
which
will
work
with
this
gear
should
become
familiar
before
the
assembly.
In
case
of
any
breakdown,
they
should
be
changed
as
a
pair.
Generally,
in
these
systems
there
are
wear
damages
in
gears.
The
gear
inspected
in
this
study
has
damage
as
a
form
of
shaft
fracture.In
this
study,
failure
analysis
of
the
differential
pinion
shaft
is
carried
out.
Mechanical
characteristics
of
the
material
are
obtained
first.
Then,
the
microstructure
and
chemical
compositions
are
determined.
Some
fractographic
studies
are
2005
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.Keywords:
Differential;
Fracture;
Power
transfer;
Pinion
shaft
1.
Introduction
The
final-drive
gears
may
be
directly
or
indirectly
driven
from
the
output
gearing
of
the
gearbox.
Directly
driven
final
drives
are
used
when
the
engine
and
transmission
units
are
combined
together
to
form
an
integral
construction.
Indirectly
driven
final
drives
are
used
at
the
rear
of
the
vehicle
being
either
sprung
and
attached
to
the
body
structure
or
unsprung
and
incorporated
in
the
rear-axle
casing.
The
final-drive
gears
are
used
in
the
transmission
system
for
the
following
reasons
[1]:
(a)
to
redirect
the
drive
from
the
gearbox
or
propeller
shaft
through
90°and,(b)
to
provide
a
permanent
gear
reduction
between
the
engine
and
the
driving
road-wheels.
In
vehicles,
differential
is
the
main
part
which
transmits
the
movement
coming
from
the
engine
to
the
wheels
On
a
smooth
road,
the
movement
comes
to
both
wheels
evenly.
The
inner
wheel
should
turn
less
and
the
outer
wheel
should
turn
more
to
do
the
turning
without
lateral
slipping
and
being
flung.
Differential,
which
is
generally
placed
in
the
middle
part
of
the
rear
bridge,
consists
of
pinion
gear,
mirror
gear,
differential
box,
two
axle
gear
and
two
pinion
spider
gears.A
schematic
illustration
of
a
differential
is
given
in
Fig,
1.
The
technical
drawing
of
pinion
the
fractured
pinion
shaft
is
also
given
in
Fig,
2,
Fig.
3
shows
the
photograph
of
the
fractured
pinion
shaft
and
the
fracture
section
is
indicated.In
differentials,
mirror
and
pinion
gear
are
made
to
get
used
to
each
other
during
manufacturing
and
the
same
serial
number
is
given.
Both
of
them
are
changed
on
condition
that
there
are
any
problems.
In
these
systems,
the
common
damage
is
the
wear
of
gears
[2-4].
In
this
study,
the
pinion
shaft
of
the
differential
of
a
minibus
has
been
inspected.
The
minibus
is
a
diesel
vehicle
driven
at
the
rear
axle
and
has
a
passenger
capacity
of
15
people.
Maximum
engine
power
is
90/4000
HP/rpm,
and
maximum
torque
is
205/1600
Nm/rpm.
Its
transmission
box
has
manual
system
(5
forward,
1
back).
The
damage
was
caused
by
stopping
and
starting
the
minibus
at
a
traffic
lights.
In
this
differential,
entrance
shaft
which
carries
the
pinion
gear
was
broken.
Various
studies
have
been
made
to
determine
the
type
and
possible
reasons
of
the
damage.
These
are:?
studies
carried
out
to
determine
the
material
of
the
shaft;
?
studies
carried
out
to
determine
the
micro-structure;
?
studies
related
to
the
fracture
surface.
There
is
a
closer
photograph
of
the
fractured
surfaces
and
fracture
area
in
Fig.
4.
The
fracture
was
caused
by
taking
out
circular
mark
gear
seen
in
the
middle
of
surfaces.2.
Experimental
procedureSpecimens
extracted
from
the
shaft
were
subjected
to
various
tests
including
hardness
tests
and
metallographic
and
scanning
electron
microscopy
as
well
as
the
determination
of
chemical
composition.
All
tests
were
carried
out
at
room
temperature.2.1
Chemical
and
metallurgical
analysis
Chemical
analysis
of
the
fractured
differential
material
was
carried
out
using
a
spectrometer.
The
chemical
composition
of
the
material
is
given
in
Table
1.
Chemical
composition
shows
that
the
material
is
a
lowalloy
carburizing
steel
of
the
AISI
8620
type.Hardenability
of
this
steel
is
very
low
because
of
low
carbon
proportion.
Therefore,
surface
area
becomes
hard
and
highly
enduring,
and
inner
areas
becomes
tough
by
increasing
carbon
proportion
on
the
surface
area
with
cementation
operation.
This
is
the
kind
of
steel
which
is
generally
used
in
mechanical
parts
subjected
do
torsion
and
bending.
High
resistance
is
obtained
on
the
surface
and
high
fatigue
endurance
value
can
be
obtained
with
compressive
residual
stress
by
making
the
surface
harder
[5-7].In
which
alloy
elements
distribute
themselves
in
carbon
steels
depends
primarily
on
the
compound
and
carbide
forming
tendencies
of
each
element.
Nickel
dissolves
in
the
α
ferrite
of
the
steel
since
it
has
less
tendency
to
form
carbides
than
iron
Silicon
combines
to
a
limited
extent
with
the
oxygen
present
in
the
steel
to
form
nonmetallic
inclusions
but
otherwise
dissolves
in
the
ferrite.
Most
of
the
manganese
added
to
carbon
steels
dissolves
in
the
ferrite.
Chromium,
which
has
a
somewhat
stronger
carbide-forming
depends
on
the
iron,
partitions
between
the
ferrite
and
carbide
phases.
The
distribution
of
chromium
depends
on
the
amount
of
carbon
present
and
if
other
stronger
carbide-forming
elements
such
as
titanium
and
columbium
amount
of
carbon
present
and
if
other
stronger
carbide-forming
elements
such
as
titanium
and
columbium
are
absent.
Tungsten
and
molybdenum
combine
with
carbon
to
form
carbides
is
there
is
sufficient
carbon
present
and
if
other
stronger
carbide-forming
elements
such
da
titanium
and
columbium
are
absent.
Manganese
and
nickel
lower
the
eutectoid
temperature
[8].Preliminary
micro
structural
examination
of
the
failed
differential
material
is
shown
in
Fig.
5.
It
can
be
seen
that
the
material
has
a
mixed
structure
in
which
some
ferrite
exist
probably
as
a
result
of
slow
cooling
and
high
Si
content.
High
Si
content
in
this
type
of
steel
improves
the
heat
treatment
susceptibility
as
well
asan
improvement
of
yield
strength
and
maximum
stress
without
any
reduction
of
ductility
[9].
If
the
micro-structure
cannot
be
inverted
to
martensite
by
quenching,
a
reduction
of
fatigue
limit
is
observed.There
are
areas
with
carbon
phase
in
Fig.
5(a).
There
is
the
transition
boundary
of
carburization
in
Fig.
5(b)
and
(c)
shows
the
matrix
region
without
carburization.
As
far
as
it
is
seen
in
there
photographs,
the
piece
was
first
carburized,
then
the
quenching
operation
was
done
than
tempered.
This
situation
can
be
understood
from
blind
martensite
plates.2.2
Hardness
tests
The
hardness
measurements
are
carried
out
by
a
MetTest-HT
type
computer
integrated
hardness
tester.
The
load
is
1471
N.
The
medium
hardness
value
of
the
interior
regions
is
obtained
as
obtained
as
43
HRC.
Micro
hard-ness
measurements
have
been
made
to
determine
the
chance
of
hardness
values
along
cross-section
be-cause
of
the
hardening
of
surface
area
due
to
carburization.
The
results
of
Vickers
hardness
measurement
under
a
load
of
4.903
N
are
illustrated
in
Table
2.2.3
Inspection
of
the
fracture
The
direct
observations
of
the
piece
with
fractured
surfaces
and
SEM
analyses
are
given
in
this
chapter.
The
crack
started
because
of
a
possible
problem
in
the
bottom
of
notch
caused
the
shaft
to
be
broken
completely.
The
crack
started
on
the
outer
part,
after
some
time
it
continued
beyond
the
centre
and
there
was
only
a
little
part
left.
And
this
part
was
broken
statically
during
sudden
starting
of
the
vehicle
at
the
traffic
lights.
As
a
characteristic
of
the
fatigue
,
there
are
two
regions
in
the
fractured
surface.
These
are
a
smooth
surface
created
by
crack
propagation
and
a
rough
surface
created
by
sudden
fracture.
These
two
regions
can
be
seen
clearly
for
the
entire
problem
as
in
Fig.
4.
The
fatigue
crack
propagation
region
covers
more
than
80%
of
the
cross-section.Shaft
works
under
the
effect
of
bending,
torsion
and
axial
forces
which
affect
repeatedly
depending
on
the
usage
place.
There
is
a
sharp
fillet
at
level
on
the
fractured
section.
For
this
reason,
stress
concentration
factors
of
the
area
have
been
determined.
Kt
=
2.4
value
(for
bending
and
tension),
and
Kt
=
1.9
value
(for
torsion)
have
been
acquired
according
to
calculations.
These
are
quite
high
values
for
areas
exposed
to
combined
loading.These
observations
and
analysis
show
that
the
piece
was
broken
under
the
influence
of
torsion
with
low
nominal
stresses
electron
microscopy
shows
that
the
fracture
has
taken
place
in
a
ductile
manner
(Fig.6).
There
are
some
shear
lips
in
the
crack
propagation
region
which
is
a
glue
of
the
plastic
shear
deformations.
Fig.
7
shows
the
beach
marks
of
the
fatigue
crack
propagation.
The
distance
between
any
lines
is
nearly
133
nm.
3.
Conclusions
A
failed
differential
pinion
shaft
is
analysed
in
this
study.
The
pinion
shaft
is
produced
from
AISI
8620
low
carbon
carburising
steel
which
had
a
carbursing,
quenching
and
tempering
heat
treatment
process.
Mechanical
properties,
micro
structural
properties,
chemical
compositions
and
fractographic
analyses
are
carried
out
to
determine
the
possible
fracture
reasons
of
the
component.
As
a
conclusion,
the
following
statements
can
be
drawn:?
The
fracture
has
taken
place
at
a
region
having
a
high
stress
concentration
by
a
fatigue
procedure
under
a
combined
bending,
torsion
and
axial
stresses
having
highly
reversible
nature.
?
The
crack
of
the
fracture
is
initiated
probably
at
a
material
defect
region
at
the
critical
location.
?
The
fracture
is
taken
place
in
a
ductile
manner.
?
Possible
later
failures
may
easily
be
prevented
by
reducing
the
stress
concentration
at
the
critical
location
AcknowledgementThe
author
is
very
indebted
to
Prof.
S.
Tasgetiren
for
his
advice
and
recommendations
during
the
srudy.
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Heisler
H.
Vehicle
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engine
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2nd
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London:
SAE
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Makevet
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Failure
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p.
100–65.汽车差速器小齿轮轴的失效分析摘要差速器是用来降低速度增加扭矩并根据合适的角度向两轮传递动力。小齿轮和其所安装的轴是一体的。在装配前应熟悉这一齿轮结构。不管发生任何故障，小齿轮和其所安装的轴都要一起更换。一般而言，在这些系统中，齿轮的损坏形式为磨损损坏。在这项研究中检查的齿轮，损坏形式为轴断裂。在这项研究为差速器小齿轮轴的故障分析。首先获得的材料的机械特性。然后，确定微观结构和化学组合物。
关键词：差速器；断裂；动力传递；小齿轮轴1．简介
最终的驱动齿轮可以直接或间接地从变速器的输出齿轮驱动。当发动机和传动装置结合在一起形成一个整体结构时，需使用直接驱动的最终驱动齿轮。间接驱动末级驱动器或借助一些辅助装置敷在汽车后方或者纳入驱动桥。最后的传动系统中使用该齿轮如以下原因：（1）将传动轴从变速器或传动轴上定向到90度。
（2）在发动机和驱动轮之间提供永久减速。在车辆中，差速器是传递发动机和车轮之间运动的主要部分，在平滑的路面上，运动是由两个车轮均匀传动的。内轮应转向少，外轮应多转向，不然转向时会发生滑移。差速器，一般放在后桥的中间，由星形齿轮架、差速器箱、半轴齿轮和星形齿轮组成。
图1是一个示意图。图2、图3显示了小齿轮轴的技术图和小齿轮轴的照片，并指出了断裂的部分。
在差速器制造过程中，从动轮和小齿轮的使用相同的序列号。出现问题二者都需更换。在这些系统中，常见的损伤是齿轮[2-4]磨损。在这项研究中，对一辆面包车的差速器小齿轮轴进行了检查。该面包车是一辆后轮驱动的柴油车
并有15人的载客能力。发动机最大功率为90
/
4000马力/转速，最大扭矩为205
/
1600纳米/转/分。它的变速箱有手动系统（5向前，1回）。损害是由停在交通灯下启动面包车引起。在这差速器中，带有小齿轮的入口轴被打破了。各种各样的研究已经确定的类型和可能的损坏原因如下：?进行研究，以确定轴的材料；
?进行研究，确定了微结构；
?与断裂面相关的研究。图4
裂隙面和断裂面积的近距离照片。该断裂是由在表面的中间看到的圆形标志齿轮去除造成的。
2.实验程序将轴上提取的试样进行各种测试，包括硬度测试和金相和扫描电子显微镜以及化学成分的测定。所有的测试都在室温下进行。2.1化学和冶金分析使用光谱仪进行了断裂材料的化学分析。材料的化学成分在表1中给出。化学成分表明该材料是一种低合金渗碳钢AISI
8620型。因为低碳的比例，钢的淬透性很低。因此，在表面增加碳的比例与胶结操作，表面将变得坚硬，持久耐用，并使内部变得强硬，。这是一种常用的钢结构，用在受扭弯的机械零件中。通过残余压应力和加强硬度可获得高疲劳强度的高性能表面。
在碳钢中合金元素的分布主要取决于各元素的化合物和碳化物的形成倾向。镍在钢中的铁素体中溶解，因为它没有比铁形成碳化物的倾向更大。硅与刚中的少部分氧反应形成非金属化合物，不然则分解与铁素体。与铁相比，铬更易与碳反应。掺入铬取决于碳含量。
失效差速器材料的初步微结构检查示于图5。它可以看出，该材料具有混合结构，其中可能存在某些铁素体。这种钢的高硅含量，提高了热处理的敏感性，以及屈服强度且提高最大应力而不减少塑性[
9
]。如果微观结构无法通过淬火向马氏体转变，则观察到了疲劳极限的降低。
图5（1）有碳相区。在图5的渗碳过渡边界（b）和（c）显示矩阵区域无渗碳。只要是在那里的照片看，这件作品是第一渗碳淬火，然后回火操作。这种情况可以理解，从不以观察到的马氏体板。2.2硬度试验开展的一mettest
HT型计算机集成硬度计硬度测量。负载是1471；中等硬度值的内部区得到43
HRC。显微硬度测量已确定硬度值沿截面加大由于渗碳。4.903
n所示表2负荷下的维氏硬度测量结果。2.3
断裂处的检查
本章中给出直接观测结果与断裂面扫描电镜分析。裂纹开始，一个可能是，底部的裂缝导致轴断裂。裂缝开始在外的部分，经过一段时间后，它继续超越中心，只有小部分为断裂。这部分是在等交通灯的车辆突然启动时被打破的。作为疲劳的一个特征，断裂面有2个区域。这是一个光滑的表面裂纹扩展和粗糙的表面创建的突然断裂。这2个区域可以清楚地看到整个问题如图4。疲劳裂纹区覆盖80%以上的横截面。轴在弯曲，扭转，轴向力的作用下，受影响的地方反复使用。有一个锋利的薄面在水平上的裂缝性剖面上。这个原因使该区的应力集中系数确定。KT
=
2.4价值（弯曲和张力），和KT
=
1.9价值（扭转）是根据计算获得。这些
都是相当高的数值，区域暴露在联合载荷下。这些观察和分析显示，在扭转应力的作用下，轴断裂且在延展的状态下（fig.6）。裂纹扩展区内有一定的剪切裂痕，这是塑性剪切变形。图7显示了疲劳裂纹扩展的海滩纹。任何线之间的距离是近133纳米。3.结论在这项研究中，对一个失效的差速器小齿轮轴进行了分析。小齿轮轴产生于AISI
8620低碳渗碳钢渗碳、淬火和回火热处理工艺。力学性能、微观结构特性、化学成分和断口分析可以确定以下断裂原因：
?在一个具有高应力集中受弯曲、扭转和轴向应力作用下且具有高度可逆性的区域发生断裂。
?在关键部位的材料缺陷区域，可能会引发断裂。
?在一种韧性的方式中发生断裂。
?在关键位置减少应力集中，可以防止可能出现的故障发生。参考[1]
Heisler
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