网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述 本文简介：
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：计算机系专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：学号：(用外文写)外文出处：JAVA2MicroEditionandtheWorldofJAVA[EB/OL].l附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。。签名：年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。附件1：外文资料翻译译文J2ME
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述 本文内容：
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
系：
计算机系
专业：计算机科学与技术
姓名：
学号：
(用外文写)
外文出处：JAVA
2
Micro
Edition
and
the
World
of
JAVA[EB/OL].
l
附件：
1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
。
签名：
年月日
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
J2ME和JAVA领域1.介绍
20世纪70年代以来随着计算机革命的开始，对计算机先进软件的需求大大增加，从而可以充分利用功能日益增强的精密的计算机的处理数据的能力。C编程语言逐渐成为支柱，使程序员开发软件像计算机运行一样流畅。
80年代以来，程序员又目睹了编程语言领域的又一次变革的高潮。C语言的编程能力已经不能满足计算机的技术发展的需要。这问题并不是新问题。它造成了一代又一代的编程语言的新老更替。问题是，它使得程序设计过于复杂，从而使计算机软件的设计，编写和开发落后于硬件的发展。就是这个时候，两种基于设计概念的编程语言Simula
67和Smalltalk（从上世纪60年代末）带来了接近编程语言未来前景的循序渐进的步骤。这期间，当面向对象编程（OOP），与它一种新的编程语言，所谓的C++在程序员中掀起了一场风暴。
1979年，Bjarne
Stroustrup的在新泽西州的贝尔实验室增强了C
语言，使其具有面向对象的特点即所谓的C++
语言
(++是C编程语言增强的承载符号)。C++是一个真正的提高的C编程语言，它开始是一种前置语言，该计划最初是一种编译工具。Stroustrup建立类的概念（借用了Simula
67和Smalltalk中的概念），由类则可以创建实例对象。一个类包含数据成员和定义对象数据和功能的成员函数。他还介绍了继承的概念，使一类继承其他一个或多个类的部分或全部数据成员或成员函数，职能由一个或多个其他类别-所有这些概念就是面向对象的编程。
1988年由ANSI官员将C++标准化。
2.走进JAVA
正当C++作为企业开发所选择的语言时，由于最新的突破性技术-万维网的出现，别一种编程语言正在萌芽，并逐渐成熟。几十年来互联网对普通人来说还是个秘密，直到前美国国家科学基金会（监督互联网的机构）拆除了防止互联网商业化的壁垒。1991年当它向商贸开放时，互联网几乎是政府机构和学术团体的专利。一旦商业化的障碍被取消，万维网提供的几个服务，在互联网上成为虚拟社区中心，游客可以得到几乎任何的免费的资讯并浏览数以千计的虚拟商店。
浏览器加强了万维网。浏览器转换将用HTML编写的ASCII文本文件转化成为一个互动的显示功能，并可以任何计算机上编译运行。只要浏览器是和HTML和HTTP兼容的正确版本，在任何电脑上运行的浏览器可以使用相同的HTML文件，而不是指定为某一特定类型的计算机，而在以前是闻所未闻的。而
C或C++是依赖于机器的，并且不能运行于不同机器上，除非是重新编译。
互联网的成功使人们将重点放在发展独立于机器的编程语言上。和同年在互联网上被商品化，科技工作者詹姆斯戈斯林，帕特里克诺顿，和麦克谢里登花了18个月发展规划，并在1995年向公众发布，他们所谓的OAK，后来改名为JAVA。JAVA
在1991年和1995年期间经历了无数次的变革。那个时候，在SUN公司的许多其他科技人员对该语言的发展做出了重大贡献。乔恩，阿瑟范霍夫，乔纳森佩恩，耶林，添佩尔都分享了成功的喜悦。
虽然JAVA是和互联网密切相关，但开始是为了开发一种可以嵌入到电子器件中去的软件的编程语言，而无论所用装置的CPU类型。这也是众所周知的所谓嵌入式翻译
JAVA平台。
JAVA团队从SUN成功地建立了一种可移植性的编程语言，电脑程序员进行了首次编程，一些已经实现。他们的成功远远超出了他们的梦想。同样可以使JAVA程序进行在各种可移植的电子装置上，也可以使JAVA程序在安装了microsoft
windows，UNIX和macintosh的计算机上运行。这个时机很完美。因特网/内部网已使美国企业为符合公司成本效益，而开发应用于公司的可移植程序的兴趣。JAVA已被证明可以作为一种成功开发与机器无关的应用程序的编程语言。
3.JAVA虚拟机
写JAVA程序和写C++程序是相似的，这程序员可以编写：包含指示的源代码，成为一个编辑器，或在一个综合发展环境中对源代码进行编译。不过，这也就是JAVA和C++一部分的方式。该编译和链接的过程中一个C++程序的结果可以运行在一个适当的可执行的机器上。与此相反，JAVA编译器则将JAVA源代码转换成字节，即由JAVA虚拟机（JVM）执行。
机器的具体指示，则不会包括在字节中。相反，他们已经包括在JVM的，这是属于具体机器的。这意味着该字节可能包含的C++程序要翻译的指令要少。
分段吗？
4.未来的世界：J2ME
JAVA是在消费和工业产品中作为一种编程语言创建程序嵌入式系统微机发现的开始，如那些用来控制汽车和家用电器的微机。在20世纪90年代初，开发团队在SUN的工作利用JAVA以解决幼稚的嵌入式电脑市场的编程的需要，但这种努力是更侧重于来自互联网的吸引力的机会。
在世纪交替之年由于这些机会已得到解决，一种新的便携式通信带来了其他设备的机会。从语音通信设备的语音到文本通信设备。而便携式电子电话簿演变成个人数码助理。在这时候，芯片制造商所推出的新产品，其目的是为了从桌上型电脑转移计算能力到移动的小型电脑控制的燃气水泵，电缆电视盒，和其他组合的其他电器。
为下一步的演变的JAVA的时机是合理的。不过，不是JAVA
与额外的空气污染指数加强，在SUN公司的该小组，即JAVA
组织化翻译
计划，拆除均采用JAVA编程语言和JAVA虚拟机。他们从嵌入式系统和微机设备剥离下来的JAVA的API和JVM到最低限度编码须提供情报。由于这些设备资源方面的限制强加的硬件设计，这是必要的。他们的努力结果是J2ME的。J2ME是减少了JAVA
API和JAVA虚拟机是设计用来运作稀疏可用的资源在新的品种的嵌入式计算机和微机的版本。
5.组织J2ME
传统计算设备需要使用标准相当的硬件配置，如显示器，键盘，鼠标和大量的记忆和永久储存。不过，其中新一代的计算设备缺乏的硬件配置的连续性。有些设备不具有显示屏，永久储存，键盘，或鼠标。其中小的计算设备的记忆提供情况是不一致的。缺乏统一标准的硬件配置之间的小型计算设备的构成是一项艰巨的挑战JAVA
组织化翻译
的计划则是为JVM和J2ME的小型计算设备制定标准。
许多不同种的小的J2ME的计算设备，包括可视电话，数字机顶盒用于有线电视，手机和个人数字助理，所面临的挑战是JAVA
组织化翻译
的计划是建立一个可以对小的无标准的计算设备实施的JAVA标准。
6.J2ME和无线设备
随着手机等无线设备的大量出现和功能的逐渐完善，对运行在这样的设备上的软件的要求量也越来越大。消费者和企业都要扩大移动通信设备的功能，使其从传统的语音通信过渡到类似于笔记本电脑和个人电脑的功能，使他们可以传送和接收电子邮件，存储和检索的个人资料，执行精密的计算和玩游戏。
开发商，移动通信设备制造商，和移动网络供应商现正急欲填补这方面的需求，但有是一个严重的障碍：移动通信设备利用许多不同的应用平台和经营调整代码，为一设备开发的代码将无法运行在另一个设备上。移动通信设备缺乏一个标准的应用平台及作业系统，这使得应用开发移动通信设备，促进经济发展有些冒险。
缺乏标准，就是没有新的计算或任何技术开发。在传统意义上，硬件设备制造商的尝试产品遍及市场，并执行他们的自己的专有标准作为事实上的业界的标准。许多暴发户成功的情况和微软一样。其他时候，业界领袖
则组成一个财团，例如JAVA
组织化翻译
计划，集体制定一种标准。
无线应用协议（WAP）行动网际网路论坛成为初步创建无线技术标准的产业集团。WAP
论坛创造了移动通信设备标准，被称为thewap标准。thewap标准是一个提高的HTML，XML的，和TCP/IP
的一个组成部分，这个标准是无线标记语言规范而组成的，融合了HTML和XML。wmlscript
是一种剥夺式版本的JAVAscript。
7.J2ME
应用翻译
程序
J2ME的应用程序称为MIDLET几乎可以运行在任何实现了JVM和MIDP移动通信设备上。这鼓励开发商投资时间和金钱在建设移动通信设备上，而不需要担心该应用是设备依赖的风险。不过，J2ME是不会被视为更换为WAP的规格，因为两者都是互补的技术。开发商的申请是根据客户要求的基础继续使用wml和wmlscript。开发商转向J2ME的较重的客户，需要对移动通信设备进行复杂的处理。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）
JAVA
2
Micro
Edition
and
The
World
of
JAVA
1
Introduction
The
computer
revolution
of
the
1970s
increased
the
demand
for
sophisticated
computer
soft
ware
to
take
advantage
of
the
ever-increasing
capacity
of
computers
to
process
data.
The
C
programming
language
became
the
linchpin
that
enabled
programmers
tobuildsoftware
that
was
just
as
robust
as
the
computer
it
ran
on.
As
the
1980s
approached,
programmers
were
witnessing
another
spurt
in
the
evolutionof
programming
language.
Computer
technology
advanced
beyond
the
capabilities
of
the
C
programming
language.
The
problem
wasn’t
new.
It
occurred
previously
and
caused
the
demise
of
generations
of
programming
languages.
The
problem
was
thatprograms
were
becoming
too
complicated
to
design,
write,
and
manage
to
keep
up
with
the
capabilities
of
computers.
It
was
around
this
time
that
a
design
concept
based
on
Simula
67
and
Smalltalk
(from
the
late
1960s)
movedprogramming
to
the
next
evolutionary
step.
This
was
the
period
when
object-oriented
programming
(OOP),
and
with
it
a
new
programming
language
called
C++,
took
programmers
bystorm.
In
1979,
Bjarne
Stroustrup
of
Bell
Laboratories
in
New
Jersey
enhanced
the
Cprogramming
language
to
include
object-oriented
features.
He
called
the
language
C++.
(The
++
is
the
incremental
operator
in
the
C
programming
language.)
C++
is
truly
an
enhancement
of
the
C
programming
language,
and
it
began
as
a
preprocessor
language
that
was
translated
into
C
syntax
before
the
program
was
processed
by
the
compiler.Stroustrup
built
on
the
concept
of
a
class
(taken
from
Simula
67
and
Smalltalk),
from
which
instances
of
objects
are
created.
A
class
contains
data
members
and
member
functions
that
define
an
object’s
data
and
functionality.
He
also
introduced
the
concept
of
inheritance,
which
enabled
a
class
to
inherit
some
or
alldata
members
and
member
functions
from
one
or
more
other
classes—all
of
which
complements
the
concepts
of
object-oriented
programming.By
1988,
ANSI
officials
standardized
Stroustrup’s
C++
specification.
2
Enter
JAVA
Just
as
C++
was
becoming
the
language
of
choice
for
building
industrial-strength
applications,
another
growth
spurt
in
the
evolution
of
programming
language
was
budding,
fertilized
by
the
latest
disruptive
technology—the
World
Wide
Web.The
Internethad
been
a
well-kept
secret
for
decades
before
the
National
Science
Foundation
(who
oversaw
the
Internet)
removed
barriers
that
prevented
commercialization.
Until
1991
when
it
was
opened
to
commerce,
the
Internet
was
the
almostexclusive
domain
ofgovernment
agencies
and
the
academic
community.
Once
the
barrier
to
commercialization
was
lifted,
the
World
Wide
Web—one
of
several
services
offered
on
the
Internet—
became
a
virtual
community
center
where
visitors
could
get
free
information
about
practically
anything
and
browse
through
thousandsof
virtual
stores.
Browsers
power
the
World
Wide
Web.A
browser
translates
ASCII
text
files
written
in
HTML
into
an
interactive
display
that
can
be
interpreted
on
any
machine.
As
long
as
the
browser
is
compatible
with
the
correct
version
of
HTML
and
HTTP
impl
ementation,
any
computer
running
the
browser
can
use
the
same
HTML
document
without
having
to
modify
it
for
a
particular
type
of
computer,
whichwas
something
unheard
of
at
the
time.
Programs
written
in
C
or
C++
are
machine
dependent
and
cannot
run
on
a
different
machine
unless
the
program
is
recompiled.
The
success
of
the
Internet
gave
renewed
focus
to
developing
a
machine-independent
programming
language.
And
the
same
year
the
Internet
was
commercialized,
five
technologists
at
SUN
Microsystems
set
out
to
do
just
that.
James
Gosling,Patrick
Naughton,
ChrisWarth,
Ed
Frank,
and
Mike
Sheridan
spent
18
months
developingthe
programming
language
they
called
Oak,
which
was
renamed
JAVA
when
this
new
language
made
its
debut
in
1995.
JAVA
went
through
numerous
iterations
between
1991
and
1995,
during
which
time
many
other
technologists
at
SUN
made
substantialcontributions
to
the
language.
These
included
Bill
Joy,
Arthur
van
Hoff,
Jonathan
Payne,
Frank
Yelin,
and
Tim
Lindholm.
Although
JAVA
is
closely
associated
with
the
Internet,
it
was
developed
as
a
language
for
programming
software
that
could
be
embedded
into
electronic
devicesregardless
of
the
type
of
CPU
used
by
the
device.
This
is
known
as
the
EmbeddedJAVA
platform
and
is
in
continuous
use
today
for
closed
systems.
The
JAVA
team
from
SUN
succeeded
in
creating
a
portable
programming
language,something
that
had
eluded
programmers
since
computers
were
first
programmed.
Their
success,
however,
was
far
beyond
their
wildest
dreams.
The
same
concept
used
to
make
JAVA
programs
portable
to
electronic
devices
also
could
be
used
to
makeJAVA
programs
run
on
computers
running
Microsoft
Windows,
UNIX,
andMacintosh.Timing
was
perfect.
The
Internet/intranet
had
whetted
corporate
America’s
appetite
for
cost-effective,
portable
programs
that
could
replace
mission-criticalapplications
within
the
corporation.
And
JAVA
had
proven
itself
as
a
programming
language
used
to
successfully
develop
machine-independent
applications.
3
JAVA
Virtual
MachineWriting
JAVA
programs
is
similar
to
writing
C++
programsin
that
the
programmer
writes
source
code
that
contains
instructions
into
an
editor,or
in
an
integrated
developmentenvironment,
and
then
the
source
code
is
compiled.However,
that’s
where
JAVA
andC++part
ways.
The
compiling
and
linking
processof
a
C++
program
results
in
an
executablethat
can
be
run
on
an
appropriatemachine.In
contrast,
the
JAVA
compiler
converts
JAVAsource
code
into
bytecode
that
is
executed
by
the
JAVA
Virtual
Machine
(JVM).
Machine-specific
instructions
are
not
included
in
bytecode.
Instead,
they
alreadyreside
in
the
JVM,
which
is
machine
specific.
This
means
that
the
bytecode
might
contain
fewer
instructions
that
need
to
be
translated
than
a
comparable
C++program.
Although
the
JAVA
compiler
generates
bytecode
that
must
be
interpreted
by
theJVMat
run
time,
the
number
of
instructions
that
need
translation
are
usually
minimal
andhave
already
been
optimized
by
the
JAVA
compiler.4
Back
to
the
Future:
J2ME
Remember
that
JAVA
began
as
a
programming
language
to
create
programs
for
embedded
systems—microcomputers
found
in
consumer
and
industrial
products
such
as
those
used
to
control
automobiles
and
appliances.
The
development
team
at
SUNworked
on
JAVA
in
the
early
1990s
to
address
the
programming
needs
of
the
fledgling
embedded
computer
market,
but
that
effort
was
sidetracked
by
more
compelling
opportunities
presented
by
the
Internet.
As
those
opportunities
were
addressed,
a
new
breed
of
portable
communicationsdevices
opened
other
opportunities
at
the
turn
of
the
century.
Cell
phones
expanded
4
J2ME
The
CompleteReference
from
voice
communications
devices
to
voice
and
text
communications
devices.
Pocket
electronic
telephone
directories
evolvedinto
personal
digital
assistants.
Chipmakers
were
releasing
new
products
at
this
time
that
weredesigned
to
transfer
computing
power
from
a
desktop
computer
intomobile
small
computers
that
controlled
gas
pumps,
cable
television
boxes,
and
an
assortment
of
other
appliances.
The
time
was
right
for
the
next
evolution
of
JAVA.
However,
instead
of
beefing
up
JAVA
with
additional
APIs,
the
team
at
SUN,
along
with
the
JAVA
community
process
Program,
dismantled
both
the
JAVA
programming
language
and
the
JAVAVirtual
Machine.
Theystripped
down
JAVA
APIs
and
the
JVM
to
the
minimum
coding
required
to
provideintelligence
to
embedded
systems
and
microcomputer
devices.
This
was
necessary
because
of
resource
constraints
imposed
upon
the
hardwaredesign
of
these
devices.
Theresult
of
their
efforts
is
J2ME.
J2ME
is
a
reduced
version
of
the
JAVA
API
and
JAVA
Virtual
Machine
that
is
designed
to
operate
withinthe
sparse
resources
available
in
the
new
breed
of
embedded
computers
and
microcomputers.
5
How
J2ME
Is
Organized
Traditional
computing
devices
use
fairly
standard
hardware
configurations
such
as
a
display,
keyboard,mouse,
and
large
amounts
of
memory
and
permanent
storage.However,
the
new
breed
of
computing
devices
lacks
hardware
configuration
continuity
among
devices.
Some
devices
don’t
have
a
display,
permanent
storage,
keyboard,or
mouse.
And
memory
availability
is
inconsistent
among
small
computing
devices.
The
lack
of
uniform
hardware
configuration
among
the
small
computing
devices
poses
a
formidable
challenge
for
the
JAVA
community
process
Program,which
is
chargedwith
developing
standards
for
the
JVM
and
the
J2ME
for
smallcomputing
devices.
J2ME
must
service
many
different
kinds
of
small
computing
devices,
includingscreenphones,
digital
set-top
boxes
used
for
cable
television,
cell
phones,
and
personal
digital
assistants.
The
challenge
for
the
JAVA
community
process
Program
is
to
develop
a
JAVA
standard
that
can
be
implemented
on
small
computing
devices
that
have
nonstandard
hardware
configurations.
The
JAVA
community
process
Program
has
used
a
twofold
approach
to
addressing
the
needs
of
small
computing
devices.
First,
they
defined
the
JAVA
run-time
environment
and
core
classes
that
operate
on
each
device.
This
is
referred
to
as
the
configuration.
A
configuration
defines
the
JAVA
Virtual
Machine
for
a
particular
small
computing
device.
There
are
two
configurations,
one
for
handheld
devices
and
the
other
for
plug-in
devices.
Next,
the
JAVA
community
process
Program
defined
a
profile
for
categories
of
smallcomputing
devices.
A
profile
consists
of
classes
that
enable
developers
to
implement
features
found
on
a
related
group
of
small
computing
devices.
6
J2ME
and
Wireless
Devices
With
the
dramatic
increase
and
sophistication
of
mobile
communications
devicessuchas
cell
phones
came
demand
for
applications
that
can
run
on
those
devices.
Consumers
and
corporations
want
to
expand
mobile
communications
devices
from
voice
communications
to
applications
traditionally
found
on
laptops
and
PCs.
They
want
tosend
and
receive
email,
store
and
retrieve
personal
information,
perform
sophisticated
calculations,
and
play
games.
Developers,
mobile
communications
device
manufacturers,
and
mobile
network
p
roviders
are
anxious
to
fill
this
need,
but
there
is
a
serious
hurdle:
mobile
communications
devices
utilize
a
number
of
different
application
platforms
and
operating
systems.Without
tweaking
the
code,
an
application
written
for
one
device
cannot
runon
another
device.
Mobile
communications
devices
lack
a
standard
application
platform
and
operating
system,
which
has
made
developing
applications
for
mobile
communications
devices
a
risky
economic
venture
for
developers.The
lack
of
standards
is
nothing
new
to
computing
or
to
any
developing
technology.
Traditionally,
manufacturers
of
hardware
devices
try
to
corner
the
market
and
enforce
their
own
proprietary
standard
as
the
de
facto
standard
for
the
industry.
Usually
one
upstart
succeeds,
as
in
the
case
of
Microsoft.
Other
times,
industry
leadersform
aconsortium,
such
as
the
JAVA
community
process
Program,
to
collectively
develop
a
standard.
The
Wireless
Application
Protocol
(WAP)
forum
became
the
initial
industry
group
that
set
out
to
create
standards
for
wireless
technology.
Ericsson,
Motorola,
Nokia,
and
Unvired
Planet
formed
theWAP
forum
in
1997,
and
it
has
since
grown
to
include
nearly
all
mobile
device
manufacturers,
mobile
network
providers,
and
developers.The
WAP
forum
created
mobile
communications
device
standards
referred
to
astheWAP
standard.
The
WAP
standard
is
an
enhancement
of
HTML,
XML,
and
TCP/IP.
One
element
of
this
standard
is
the
Wireless
Markup
Language
specification,
which
consists
of
ablend
of
HTML
and
XML
and
is
used
by
developers
to
create
documents
thatcan
be
displayed
by
a
microbrowser.
A
microbrowser
is
a
diminutive
webbrowser
that
operates
on
a
mobile
communications
device.The
WAP
standard
also
includes
specifications
for
aWireless
Telephony
ApplicationInterface
(WTAI)
specification
and
the
WMLScript
specification.
WTAI
is
used
to
create
an
interface
forapplications
that
runon
a
mobile
communications
devic
e.
WMLScript
is
a
stripped-downversion
of
JAVAScript.
7
J2ME
applications
J2ME
applications
referred
to
as
a
MIDlet
can
run
on
practically
any
mobile
communications
device
that
implements
a
JVM
and
MIDP.
This
encourages
developers
toinvest
time
and
money
in
building
applications
for
mobile
communications
devices
without
the
risk
that
the
application
is
device
dependent.
However,
J2ME
isn’tseen
as
a
replacement
for
the
WAP
specification
because
both
are
complementary
technologies.
Developers
whose
applications
are
light-client
based
continueto
use
WML
andWMLScript
.
Developers
turn
to
J2ME
for
heavier
clients
that
require
sophisticated
processing
on
the
mobile
communications
device.
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述 本文关键词：外文，参考文献，综述，订餐，翻译
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述 来源：网络整理
免责声明：本文仅限学习分享，如产生版权问题，请联系我们及时删除。
《
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述》
由：
76范文网互联网用户整理提供,链接地址：
http://m.yuan0.cn/a/93491.html
免责声明：本文仅限学习分享，如产生版权问题，请联系我们及时删除。