论文--汉英文化差异下的商务口译技巧 本文简介：
绵阳师范学院本科生毕业论文（设计）题目SkillsofBusinessInterpretationUndertheCulturalDifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglish汉英文化差异下的商务口译技巧专业英语（商务英语）院系外国语学院学号200604420508姓名**指
论文--汉英文化差异下的商务口译技巧 本文内容：
绵阳师范学院
本科生毕业论文（设计）
题目
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
Under
the
Cultural
Differences
BetweenChinese
and
English
汉英文化差异下的
商务口译技巧
专业
英语（商务英语）
院系
外国语学院
学号
200604420508
姓名
**
指导教师
***
老师
答辩时间
二○**年十二月
论文工作时间：
20**年
**月
至
20**
年
12月汉英文化差异下的商务口译技巧
学生：**
指导教师：***
摘
要：
在这篇论文中，笔者先谈论口译的概念、分类、特点、理论以及在文化差异下的口译技巧，接着简单介绍了商务英语的文化差异。其中，笔者着重阐述了口译的技巧及其在现实中的应用问题。笔者认为，口译作为一门翻译学科，一种高效的即时性的交流工具和桥梁，有其存在的意义。在文化差异的基础上，笔者对商务英语口译进行了分析，认为仅仅掌握它的一些理论和技巧是不够的，只有在不断的实践中，口译的技巧和理论才能得到不断的提高和发展。此论文的目的就在于，不管对从事口译工作者，还是学习口译人员来说，都希望能给予一些帮助，掌握口译的精髓，从而得到自我完善和提高。
关键词：商务英语；文化差异；口译；口译技巧
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
Under
the
Cultural
Differences
Between
Chinese
and
English
Undergraduate:
Ren
Xiang
Supervisor:Chen
Wenhui
Abstract：In
this
paper,
the
author
simply
introduces
basic
contents
of
interpretation,
including
concept,
categorical
classification,
characteristics,
and
skills
under
cultural
difference
circumstance,
and
then
briefly
discusses
the
cultural
differences
in
business
English.
The
main
part
of
this
paper
is
about
skills
of
interpretation
and
its
application
in
practice.
The
author
thinks
that
interpretation
is
not
only
a
translating
art,
but
an
effective
and
timely
tool
and
bridge
of
communication,
so
its
significance
is
quite
great.
Based
on
cultural
differences
in
translation,
the
author
makes
a
brief
analysis
on
business
English
interpretation.
The
author
claims
that
it
is
not
enough
that
one
merely
knows
its
theories
and
skills.
Only
in
practice
can
his
or
her
interpretive
ability
be
improved.
This
paper
is
supposed
to
give
some
help
to
a
working
interpreter
and
those
who
are
learning
interpretation,
and
the
author
hopes
that
they
can
get
benefits
and
improve
themselves
from
this
paper
and
interpretation.
Key
words:
business
English;
cultural
differences;
interpretation;
interpretive
skillsContents
1.
Introduction
1
2.
A
General
Account
of
Interpretation
1
2.1
Definition
of
Interpretation
1
2.2
Characteristics
of
Interpretation
1
2.3
Categorical
Classification
of
Interpretation
2
2.3.1
Simultaneous
Interpreting
2
2.3.2
Consecutive
Interpreting
3
2.3.3
Whispered
Interpreting
3
2.3.4
Relay
Interpreting
3
2.3.5
Liaison
Interpreting
3
2.4
The
Qualification
Requirements
for
an
Interpreter
3
2.4.1
Solid
Language
Foundation
3
2.4.2
Wide
Knowledge
Range
4
2.4.3
Loyalty
to
Work
4
2.4.4
High
Psychological
Quality
4
2.4.5
Outstanding
Memory
4
2.4.6
Quick
Thinking
and
Response
4
2.4.7
Fluent
Expression
5
2.5
The
Process
of
Interpretation
5
3.
Business
Interpretation
5
4.
Cultural
Differences
in
Business
6
4.1
The
Relationship
Between
Language
and
Culture
6
4.2
Common
Cultural
Differences
in
Business
6
4.2.1
Business
Hospitality
7
4.2.2
Business
Negotiations
7
4.2.3
Product
Packaging,
Design
and
Trademark
Language
7
4.2.4
Time,
Efficiency
Consciousness
and
Dealing
with
Issues
8
5.
Main
Theories
and
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
8
5.1
Main
Theories
of
Business
Interpretation
8
5.2
Main
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
8
6.
The
Application
and
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
for
Practice
9
6.1
Some
Interpretive
Practice
on
Common
Occasions
9
6.2
On
Difficult
Interpreting
Occasions
9
7.
Conclusion
10
Bibliography
12
Acknowledgments
13
1.
Introduction
As
the
world
gets
smaller,
people
gets
closer,
they
talk,
they
discuss,
they
meet
each
other
and
they
deal
with
businesses.
But
different
countries
and
societies
possess
different
cultures.
In
international
business
trade,
businessmen
need
to
know
very
well
about
each
other,
in
order
to
make
long-term
and
satisfactory
cooperation.
Culture
also
teaches
people
values,
with
which
they
view
things.
When
people
who
come
from
different
societies
try
to
communicate,
literal
interpreting
is
irrevocable
and
far
from
enough,
they
may
confront
different
problems,
although
they
could
use
gestures
or
other
communication
ways.
With
different
cultural
background,
people
may
understand
the
same
word
or
expression
differently.
Interpretation
is
cross-cultural
communication,
boosting
economics,
politics,
culture,
education,
technology
and
academic
exchanges.
It
is
irreplaceable?for
promoting
the
development
of
human
society.
Provides
with
ample
typical
examples,
this
paper
introduces
business
English
interpretation
under
Chinese
and
English
cultural
differences,
and
also
emphasizes
interpretive
skills,
including
anticipation,
parsing,
repetition,
supplementation,
omission
and
conversion，in
order
to
make
people
deal
with
businesses
more
easily
and
know
very
well
about
the
cultural
differences
between
Chinese
and
English.
And
it
also
tries
to
provide
interpretive
practice
on
common
occasions
and
virtual
scenes
such
as
“what
if
I
can’t
interpret”,
which
may
occur
in
interpretation.
This
paper
is
supposed
to
help
interpreters
and
learners
feel
at
ease
in
real
situation
and
make
them
be
more
professional.
2.
A
General
Account
of
Interpretation
Interpretation
can
be
defined
as
different
concepts
according
to
different
degrees.
The
characteristics,
the
categorical
classification,
the
qualification
requirements
for
an
interpreter
and
the
process
of
interpretation
are
also
introduced
as
follows.
2.1
Definition
of
Interpretation
Interpretation
is
the
act
in
which
interpreters
are
simplifying
the
words
in
a
sentence
to
attain
a
concrete
sentence
that
people
will
easily
understand.
What’s
more,
Interpretation
is
a
“process
of
communication”
(MacFarlane,
1994:
cited
in
Hall
&
McArthur,
1993).
To
understand
communication
interpreters
must
describe
firstly
this
process
through
a
commonly
used
and
simple
communication
model
with
its
basic
elements:
the
communication
source,
the
encoder,
the
message,
the
channel,
the
decoder,
the
communication
receiver
(Berlo,
David
K.
1960).
2.2
Characteristics
of
Interpretation
Interpretation
is
a
kind
of
unpredictable
unprepared
bilingual
activity.
And
it
has
big
pressure
in
spot
atmosphere.
Besides,
it
has
personality
and
heavy
responsibility,
synthetically
applying
listening,
speaking,
reading,
writing
and
other
operating
activities.
Interpretation
is
different
from
translation.
Interpreting
occurs
in
real
time,
in
the
presence
—
physical,
televised,
or
telephonic
—
of
the
parties
for
whom
the
interpreter
renders
an
interpretation.
Translation
is
the
transference
of
meaning
from
text
to
text
(written
or
recorded),
with
the
translator
having
time
and
access
to
resources
(dictionaries,
glossaries,
etc.)
to
produce
a
faithful,
true,
and
accurate
document
or
verbal
artifact.
Interpretation
is
also
held
to
a
standard
of
accuracy.
Interpreters
try
to
achieve
total
accuracy
at
all
times.
Details
of
the
original
speech
can
be
omitted
from
the
interpretation
into
the
target
language,
without
a
pause.
Conversely,
in
signed
languages,
when
a
word
is
used
for
which
their
is
no
sign,
expansion
may
be
necessary
in
order
to
accurately
interpret
the
message
and
give
the
recipient
the
same
message
as
those
who
are
hearing
it
from
the
speaker.
The
trained
professional
simultaneous
interpreter,
however,
never
omits
original
source
language,
rather
they
learn
to
provide
the
same
information
in
the
target
language.
For
example,
when
interpreting
English
to
Spanish,
they
may
shorten
the
interpretation
rendered
with
gender
specific
usage
and
reflexive
pronouns
not
used
in
English.
In
court
interpretation,
it
is
not
acceptable
to
omit
anything
from
the
source,
no
matter
how
fast
the
source
speaks,
since
not
only
is
accuracy
a
principal
canon
for
interpreters,
but
mandatory.
The
alteration
of
even
a
single
word
in
a
material
way
can
totally
mislead
the
tiers
of
fact.
The
most
important
factor
for
this
level
of
accuracy
is
the
use
of
a
team
of
two
or
more
interpreters
during
a
lengthy
process,
with
one
actively
interpreting
and
the
second
monitoring
for
greater
accuracy.
2.3
Categorical
Classification
of
Interpretation
Interpretation
can
be
classified
by
five
categories,
namely
simultaneous
interpreting
(SI),
consecutive
interpreting
(CI),
whispered
interpreting,
relay
interpreting
and
liaison
interpreting.
Simultaneous
interpreting
and
consecutive
interpreting
are
very
common
and
important,
and
in
this
part,
this
paper
talks
about
them.
2.3.1
Simultaneous
Interpreting
In
simultaneous
interpretation
(SI),
the
interpreter
renders
the
message
in
the
target-language
as
quickly
as
he
or
she
can
formulate
it
from
the
source
language,
while
the
source-language
speaker
continuously
speaks;
a
spoken
language
SI
interpreter,
sitting
in
a
sound-proof
booth,
speaks
into
a
microphone,
while
clearly
seeing
and
hearing
the
source-language
speaker
via
earphones.
The
simultaneous
interpretation
is
rendered
to
the
target-language
listeners
via
their
earphones.
Moreover,
SI
is
the
common
mode
used
by
sign
language
interpreters,
although
the
person
using
the
source
language,
the
interpreter
and
the
target
language
recipient
must
necessarily
be
in
close
proximity.
2.3.2
Consecutive
Interpreting
In
consecutive
interpreting
(CI),
the
interpreter
speaks
after
the
source-language
speaker
has
finished
speaking.
The
speech
is
divided
into
segments,
and
the
interpreter
sits
or
stands
beside
the
source-language
speaker,
listening
and
taking
notes
as
the
speaker
progresses
through
the
message.
When
the
speaker
pauses
or
finishes
speaking,
the
interpreter
then
renders
a
portion
of
the
message
or
the
entire
message
in
the
target
language.
Full
(i.e.,
unbroken)
consecutive
interpreting
of
whole
thoughts
allows
for
the
full
meaning
of
the
source-language
message
to
be
understood
before
the
interpreter
renders
it
in
the
target
language.
This
affords
a
truer,
more
accurate,
and
more
accessible
interpretation
than
does
simultaneous
interpretation.
2.3.3
Whispered
Interpreting
In
whispered
interpreting,
the
interpreter
sits
or
stands
next
to
the
small
target-language
audience
whilst
whispering
a
simultaneous
interpretation
of
the
matter
to
hand;
this
method
requires
no
equipment,
but
may
be
done
via
a
microphone
and
headphones
if
the
participants
prefer.
Whispered
interpreting
is
used
in
circumstances
where
the
majority
of
a
group
speaks
the
source
language,
and
a
minority
(
no
more
than
three
persons)
do
not
speak
it.
2.3.4
Relay
Interpreting
Relay
interpreting
occurs
when
several
languages
are
the
target-language.
A
source-language
interpreter
renders
the
message
to
a
language
common
to
every
interpreter,
who
then
renders
the
message
to
his
or
her
specific
target
language.
For
example,
a
Japanese
source
message
first
is
rendered
to
English
to
a
group
of
interpreters,
then
it
is
rendered
to
Arabic,
French,
and
Russian,
the
other
target
languages.
2.3.5
Liaison
InterpretingLiaison
interpreting
involves
relaying
what
is
spoken
to
one,
between
two,
or
among
many
people.
This
can
be
done
after
a
short
speech,
or
consecutively,
sentence-by-sentence,
or
as
whispering;
aside
from
notes
taken
at
the
time,
no
equipment
is
used.
2.4
The
Qualification
Requirements
for
an
Interpreter
An
interpreter,
as
the
bridge
between
two
sides,
plays
a
very
important
role
in
interpretation,
especially
in
business.
If
there
exists
any
error
in
business
interpretation,
the
business
negotiation
would
be
interrupted.
In
this
part,
this
paper
introduces
seven
qualification
requirements
for
being
a
professional
interpreter.
2.4.1
Solid
Language
Foundation
Interpreters
should
not
only
master
their
native
language,
but
other
foreign
language
they
have
to
grasp
well.
That
is
to
say,
they
are
required
to
master
a
bilingual
language,
obtaining
all
aspects
of
a
rather
high
level
in
listening,
speaking,
reading,
writing,
translating.
That’s
obviously
the
basic
element
of
interpretation.
2.4.2
Wide
Knowledge
Range
Interpreters
should
not
only
have
solid
language
foundation,
but
also
have
wide
knowledge
range.
They
should
be
aware
of
current
affairs,
science
and
technology,
politics,
business
economy,
human
geography,
literature
and
art,
folk
rituals,
common
sense
and
so
on.
For
example,
interpreters
who
are
frequently
engaged
in
business
negotiation
should
be
familiar
with
international
trade,
and
should
master
the
basic
vocabularies
and
in
the
professional
way
of
expression,
such
as
trade
names,
specifications,
packaging,
inquiry,
quotation,
transportation,
payment,
insurance,
claims,
commodity
inspection,
contracts.
Otherwise,
it
is
difficult
for
interpreters
to
make
business
negotiation
work.
2.4.3
Loyalty
to
Work
In
interpreting
process,
the
interpreters
as
an
intermediary
between
the
two
parties,
is
essential
supplementary
staff.
People
speaking
different
languages
can
communicate
with
each
other
only
through
an
interpreter.
Interpreters’
working
style
and
demeanor
could
be
related
to
the
interests
of
a
whole
nation
and
the
interests
of
people.
Thus,
in
interpreting
work
and
related
activities,
interpreters
must
demonstrate
a
strong
sense
of
responsibility
and
patriotic
sentiments,
and
also
have
a
rigorous
work
attitude,
discipline,
should
not
do
harm
to
the
nation
and
personality.
2.4.4
High
Psychological
Quality
As
interpreting
work
is
mostly
occurred
with
numerous
people
surrounded,
interpreters
often
have
to
face
a
number
of
listeners.
For
this
reason,
interpreters
should
break
through
psychological
barriers,
make
efforts
to
overcome
self-cultivation
and
form
a
good
psychological
quality
of
calmly
facing
the
audience.
2.4.5
Outstanding
Memory
As
a
good
interpreter,
one
must
have
good
short-term
memory,
because
when
one
is
interpreting,
he
doesn’t
have
enough
time
to
make
all
the
notes.
The
process
of
memory
includes
encoding,
storage
and
retrieval.
Memory
training
is
a
key
step,
however,
which
is
often
neglected
by
some
professional
interpreting
training.
2.4.6
Quick
Thinking
and
Response
While
interpreters
are
at
work,
they
usually
listen,
remember
and
speak
at
the
same
time,
their
attention
needs
to
be
highly
concentrated.
Speaker"s
remarks
would
evaporate
away
in
a
second.
This
demands
interpreters
to
have
quick
thinking
and
responding
ability,
good
logical
ability,
generalizing
ability
and
comprehensive
ability.
In
interpreting
process,
some
interpreters
may
not
understand
or
hear
clearly
some
individual
words,
or
encountered
some
difficulties,
the
solution
is
that
interpreters
should
avoid
panic,
and
they
can
flexibly
interpret
according
to
the
specific
context.
2.4.7
Fluent
Expression
As
interpretation
is
called
a
verbal
translation,
oral
expression
and
pronunciation
are
obviously
taken
into
account.
Speaking
fluent
English
would
make
interpreters
deeply
impressed.
Similarly,
speaking
standard
Mandarin
would
make
interpreters
earn
additional
rewards.
Therefore,
interpreters
should
have
good
bilingual
skills.
While
interpreting,
interpreters
should
be
articulate,
in
loud
and
clear
voice.
And
the
pace
should
be
moderate,
expression
should
be
made
accurately
and
naturally.
2.5
The
Process
of
Interpretation
Interpretation
is
a
“process
of
communication”
(MacFarlane,
1994:
cited
in
Hall
&
McArthur,
1993).
Generally
this
process
obtains
three
fundamental
elements:
the
setting,
the
visitor
and
the
agency.
The
process
can
be
regarded
as
the
encoder,
which
is
defined
by
Berlo
(Berlo,
David
K.
1960)
as
being
"responsible
for
taking
the
ideas
of
the
source
and
putting
them
in
a
code".
The
encoder
in
interpretation
is
the
"interpreter",
a
person
who
verbally,
visually
or
through
any
other
means
"serves
as
translators
of
the
natural
and
cultural
environment"
(Knudson,
D.M.,
Cable,
T.T.,
and
Beck,
L.
1995).
The
interpreter,
as
an
encoder,
has
a
relationship
with
the
visitor,
and
is
part
of
the
agency.
And
then
the
message
is
the
purpose
of
interpretation
and
interpretation
itself
can
have
several
goals
depending
on
the
perspective:
as
they
relate
to
the
setting,
as
they
relate
to
the
agency,
and
as
they
relate
to
the
visitor.
In
general,
interpretation
is
a
communication
process
that
interrelates
a
setting
through
an
agency
with
a
visitor,
and
“aims
to
reveal
meanings
and
relationships
through
the
use
of
original
objects”
(Tilden,
Freeman.
1977).
3.
Business
Interpretation
On
one
hand,
more
and
more
enterprises
and
their
products
make
themselves
known
all
over
the
world
while
the
world
economy
increases
rapidly.
Business
communication
between
China
and
the
foreign
countries
becomes
more
frequent.
It
is
like
a
bridge,
which
transmits
Chinese
enterprises,
products
and
service
to
the
world,
and
in
return
China
brings
in
advanced
management,
techniques
and
capitals
from
eastern
countries.
As
a
consequence,
Chinese
enterprises
develop
rapidly,
and
among
world’s
developed
enterprises
the
difference
is
becoming
very
slim.
On
the
other
hand,
perhaps
businessmen
have
heard
so
much
about
business
opportunities
in
foreign
countries
but
have
no
idea
how
and
where
to
start.
Due
to
language
and
cultural
difference,
it
may
be
difficult
for
them
to
travel
around
the
world
or
to
do
business.
The
choice
of
a
good
interpreter
may
be
one
of
the
most
important
choices
people
make
when
conducting
business
in
foreign
countries.
Businessmen
need?an
experienced
and
professional
business
interpreter,
sourcing
and
purchasing
assistant.
When
they
go
abroad,
especially
to
attend
the
trade
show
or
to
visit
their
suppliers,
they
might
need
some
assistance
to
break
down
that
language
barrier
between
them
and
the
people
they
are
negotiating
with
for
best
result.
Business
interpretation
denotes
the
actual
product
of
this
work,
that
is,
the
message
as
thus
rendered
into
speech,
sign
language,
writing,
non-manual
signals,
or
other
language
form.
This
important
distinction
is
observed
to
avoid
confusion.
Functionally,
an
interpreter
is
a
person
who
converts
a
thought
or
expression
of
a
source
language
into
an
expression
with
a
comparable
meaning
in
a
target
language
in
"real
time".
The
interpreter"s
function
is
to
convey
every
semantic
element
(tone
and
register)
and
every
intention
and
feeling
of
the
message
that
the
source-language
speaker
is
directing
to
the
target-language
recipients.
4.
Cultural
Differences
in
Business
Nowadays,
the
official
language
in
international
business
is
English,
which
requires
interpretation
in
business
English
to
be
more
professional.
Both
China
and
eastern
countries
have
different
historical
developments,
different
environments
and
different
cultural
heritage.
Consequently
there
exists
much
difference
in
thinking,
personality,
sense
of
worth,
behavior
and
custom.
If
this
difference
is
not
paid
attention
to,
Chinese
enterprises
in
foreign
countries
would
make
others
misunderstand
while
dealing
with
business
because
of
incorrect
interpretation,
which
leads
business
communication
among
foreign
enterprises
to
have
negative
effect.
Thus,
this
part
elaborates
the
relationship
between
language
and
culture
first,
and
then
discusses
common
cultural
differences
from
four
aspects,
which
are
business
hospitality,
business
negotiations,
product
packaging,
design
and
trademark
language,
time,
efficiency
consciousness
and
dealing
with
issues.
4.1
The
Relationship
Between
Language
and
Culture
Culture
is
a
very
broad
term.
It
narrowly
refers
to
literature,
music,
art,
etc.,
but
broadly
speaking
it
is
a
sociological
term.
According
to
sociologists
and
anthropologists,
what
is
called
"culture",
refers
to
a
society
which
has
a
general
pattern
of
unique
beliefs,
practices,
systems,
goals,
and
technology
(Robertson,
1981).
Language
as
a
part
of
the
culture
is
the
product
of
culture,
and
also
the
carrier
of
culture.
Behind
each
language
there
exits
different
customs
and
mode
of
life
and
thinking,
which
are
closely
related,
and
language
together
with
culture
plays
a
vital
role.
Language
has
no
vitality
without
culture.
Learning
language
and
learning
its
culture
are
actually
inextricably
linked.
4.2
Common
Cultural
Differences
in
Business
Common
cultural
differences,
including
business
hospitality,
business
negotiations,
product
packaging,
design
and
trademark
language,
time,
efficiency
consciousness
and
dealing
with
Issues,
are
introduced
as
follows,
which
are
typical
and
distinct
in
business.
4.2.1
Business
Hospitality
As
the
first
part
of
business
activities,
business
hospitality
is
the
key
to
the
smooth
implementation
of
business
activities.
In
this
session,
how
to
exchange
greetings
is
one
of
the
compulsory
subjects
receptionists
should
study.
Their
behaviors
will
be
in
large
part
on
behalf
of
the
company"s
image,
which
has
a
great
impact
between
the
two
sides
while
making
cooperation.In
China,
handshake
is
a
very
natural
movement
at
first
meeting,
while
Europe
and
the
United
States
who
are
used
to
embrace.
Looking
at
each
other
in
the
eye,
English
speakers
consider
it
sincere
and
honest.
Otherwise,
they
consider
it
sly
and
dishonest.
Therefore,
as
an
English
idiom
goes,
“Never
trust
a
person
who
can"t
look
at
you
in
the
eye”.
But
the
black
is
slightly
different.
While
they
are
speaking,
they
stare
at
each
other,
looking
around.
Helping
the
old
in
China
is
considered
the
traditional
virtues,
while
the
old
in
Europe
countries
would
not
appreciate
or
even
would
be
angry
or
disgusted.
Moreover,
in
the
dinner
reception
in
foreign
countries,
do
not
try
to
persuade
each
other
to
eat
more,
but
on
their
own.
4.2.2
Business
Negotiations
Business
negotiations
are
the
most
important
content.
In
international
business
negotiations,
as
negotiators
from
different
countries
and
regions,
holding
different
languages,
beliefs,
habits,
values,
codes
of
conduct,
ethical
standards
as
well
as
the
psychology
of
negotiation,
and
these
aspects
are
important
factors
affecting
negotiation
process.
In
international
business
negotiations,
if
negotiators
are
not
properly
familiar
with
these
differences,
it
is
possible
in
the
negotiations
to
lead
to
unnecessary
misunderstandings,
which
is
not
only
rude
to
people,
but
loses
many
opportunities
for
successful
negotiations.
Therefore,
to
seize
opportunities
in
business
negotiations,
one
should
know
well
about
the
culture
of
the
named
country.
4.2.3
Product
Packaging,
Design
and
Trademark
Language
Different
preferences
to
the
product
packaging,
design
and
trademark
language
are
the
superficial
manifestation
of
culture.
In
translating
process,
one
should
take
into
account
not
only
the
exact
language
information,
but
also
cultural
uniqueness.
For
example,
"双羊"
is
translated
as
"goats,"
金鸡奖
"
as
"Golden
Cock
Prize",
"白象
"as
"White
Elephant",
etc.
Even
though
their
semantic
information
is
correct,
but
it
is
such
a
bad
translation
in
term
of
cultural
information
equivalence.
In
addition,
as
the
Japanese
do
not
like
the
lotus,
the
Italians
hate
chrysanthemum
and
people
who
believe
in
Islam
taboo
pig
pattern,
etc.,
all
of
these
should
be
paid
much
attention
for
business
professionals
to
avoid
"lose-lose"
situation.
4.2.4
Time,
Efficiency
Consciousness
and
Dealing
with
Issues
In
western
countries,
the
view
of
time
is
closely
linked
to
the
importance
of
money,
"time
is
money"
is
deep-rooted.
Thus,
they
very
much
value
their
time
and
often
make
elaborate
arrangements
and
plans
in
their
daily
life,
and
form
good
habits
of
keeping
appointments
on
time.
On
the
contrary,
the
Chinese
people
treat
the
time
as
dispersed,
and
time
can
be
disposable,
so
they
are
often
talking
with
several
people
or
doing
different
things
at
the
same
time,
they
have
very
large
arbitrariness.
Of
course,
not
all
Western
countries
have
the
same
view
of
time,
such
as
the
Italian
compared
with
the
Swiss,
as
well
as
Arab
countries,
Japan,
South
Korea.
5.
Main
Theories
and
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
In
this
part,
this
paper
introduces
the
theories
and
skills
of
business
interpretation.
5.1
Main
Theories
of
Business
Interpretation
Interpretive
theory
is
a
general
category
of
theory
including
symbolic
interactionism,
labeling,
ethnomethodology,
phenomenology
and
social
constructionism.
(Murray
E.G.
Smith,
1997)
Interpretive
theory
is
typically
contrasted
with
structural
theories
which
claim
to
remove
the
subjectivity
of
the
actor
and
the
researcher
and
assume
that
human
behavior
can
best
be
understood
as
determined
by
the
pushes
and
pulls
of
structural
forces.
Interpretive
theory
is
more
accepting
of
free
will
and
sees
human
behavior
as
the
outcome
of
the
subjective
interpretation
of
the
environment.
Structural
theory
focuses
on
the
situation
in
which
people
act
while
interpretive
theory
focuses
on
the
actor"s
definition
of
the
situation
in
which
they
act.
Interpretive
theory
seeks
reciprocal
inter-subjective
understanding
of
subjects.
Max
Weber
(1864-1920)
consolidated
and
developed
a
rich
mass
of
interpretive
theory
of
religion
in
his
volumes
on
Judaism,
Christianity,
the
Protestant
Ethic,
Confucianism,
Hinduism
and
Islam.?
Interpretive
theory
involves
building
a
second
order
theory
or
theory
of
members"
theories,
which
is
stated
by
Schutz.
5.2
Main
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
Interpretation
is
an
art.
Generally
the
skills
of
interpretation
lie
in
six
standards:
anticipation,
parsing,
repetition,
supplementation,
omission
and
conversion.
For
example,
accepting
the
interpretation
task,
interpreters
should
make
some
preparation
work,
including
technical
and
psychological
preparation.
Of
course,
the
contents
of
translation
are
paramount.
To
grasp
the
key
elements
of
the
speakers"
words,
interpreters
must
maximize
the
use
of
their
memory,
at
the
same
time
they
must
deal
with
the
information
promptly,
expressing
by
translating
the
original
language
into
our
own
language.
And
interpreters
can
summarize
skills
as
following:
Firstly,?be
familiar
with
the
place
where
you
are
going
to
interpret.
Secondly,?use
the
elements
of
speech
like
volume,
pitch,
rate,
pause,
pronunciation,
and
enunciation
appropriately.
Thirdly,
keep
excellent
appearance
and
decent
manner.
Body
language
is
as
important
as
verbal
language.
Dressing,
stance,
posture,
eye-contact,
and
expression
are
the
factors
which
an
interpreter
should
consider.
Besides,
notes-taking
is
very
important
and
necessary
in
interpretive
skills.
In
consecutive
interpreting,
note-taking
is
a
must
task.
It
is
better
for
an
interpreter
to
form
his
own
habit
of
using
language
of
note-taking
like
abbreviations,
symbols,
pictures
and
letters
while
he
is
learning.
Language,
structure,
rules,
skills,
and
content
of
note-taking
are
discussed
in
this
part.
Number
interpretation
is
a
challenge
for
interpreter
which
is
also
an
important
part
in
business,
science
and
technology.
Different
numeral
usage
in
Chinese
and
English
adds
difficulties
to
interpretation.
6.
The
Application
and
Skills
of
Business
Interpretation
for
Practice
With
the
theories
and
skills,
an
interpreter
should
put
them
into
practice.
On
common
occasions,
the
interpreter
needs
to
pay
attention
to
the
details
which
may
occur
during
the
process.
This
part
provides
solutions
and
suggestions
for
interpreters.
6.1
Some
Interpretive
Practice
on
Common
Occasions
Speakers
at
interpreted
meetings
can
ensure
better
communication
of
their
message
into
other
languages
by
slowing
their
delivery
slightly
and
by
adding
a
pause
of
one
or
two
seconds
at
the
end
of
each
paragraph,
although
in
practice,
interpreters
have
to
deal
with
difficulties
such
as
the
speaker
speaking
too
fast,
background
noise,
or
other
constraints.
What’s
more,
Interpreting
is
different
from
“normal
communication”,
the
interpreter
does
not
just
actively
integrate
the
speaker"s
new
information
into
the
old
information
like
common
good
listeners
do.
In
fact,
from
the
old
information
that
the
interpreter
holds,
only
those
assumptions
should
be
readily
retrievable
(and
actually
used
in
inferential
processes)
that
are
similar
to
the
speaker"s.
In
some
cases,
then,
the
interpreter
may
have
to
suppress
some
assumptions
of
their
own.
In
all
cases,
the
interpreter
needs
to
hold
all
incoming
information
from
the
speaker
in
the
same
way
that
the
speaker
holds
it,
whether
that
is
in
an
attitude
of
belief
or
disbelief.
To
summarize,
the
interpreter
consciously
or
unconsciously
manipulates
his
own
cognitive
environment
in
a
manner
that
is
not
natural
to
an
individual.
6.2
On
Difficult
Interpreting
Occasions
No
experienced
interpreter
can
be
versed.
As
the
old
saying
goes,
"The
old
revolutionary
is
likely
to
face
new
problems."
Therefore,
interpreters
will
always
encounter
unexpected
situations
in
which
they
can
not
interpret.
At
this
time,
interpreters
need
to
be
flexible
in
prevailing
circumstances:
Ask
for
help,
explain
the
function,
learn
to
interpret
at
once,
use
tools
cleverly,
chase
for
the
most
important.
Firstly,
ask
for
help.
The
audiences
in
prevailing
circumstances
can
become
the
interpreter’s
teachers.
In
interpreting
process,
interpreters
could
ask
for
help
by
asking
questions
modestly
with
skills.
However,
according
to
the
occasion,
not
all
situations
can
be
used
with
this
approach.
Secondly,
explain
the
function.
If
the
interpreters
do
not
know
the
professional
terms
or
the
corresponding
words
in
the
target
language,
interpreters
can
explain
to
the
audience
to
understand
their
functions,
such
as
"bitumen"
(asphalt
/
bitumen)
could
be
interpreted
as
"a
black
and
sticky
thing
for
paving
road
".
Third,
learn
to
interpret
at
once.
While
interpreters
are
listening
to
others,
they
need
to
take
notes
of
the
new
words
timely,
and
maybe
these
new
words
will
be
used
for
later
interpretation.
The
process
of
interpretation
is
a
process
of
learning
new
knowledge.
Forth,
use
tools
cleverly.
Although
it
is
impossible
for
interpreters
to
use
dictionaries
as
translators,
interpreters
can
still
use
charts,
formulas
and
other
tools
to
better
fulfill
the
tasks.
Interpretation
also
needs
to
be
worked
ingeniously.
Finally,
chase
for
the
most
important.
On
September
24,
1985,
Singapore
Prime
Minister
Lee
Kuan
Yew"s
visit
to
China
gave
an
impromptu
speech
at
a
farewell
banquet.
When
talking
about
impressions
of
this
trip,
he
said:
"I
am
overwhelmed
with
those
tremendous
changes
taking
place
in
China.
I
feel
like
suddenly
coming
out
of
a
decompressing
chamber."
Prime
Minister
Lee
Kuan
Yew
used
a
phrase
of
"suddenly
coming
out
of
a
decompressing
chamber"
to
describe
the
significant
changes
in
contrast.
If
the
interpreter
does
not
understand
this
meaning,
they
can
grasp
the
central
meaning:
"China"s
dramatic
changes
completely
are
out
of
my
expectation,
which
is
really
amazing!"
7.
Conclusion
Business
interpretation
is
the
practice
of
facilitating
oral
and
sign-language
communication
between
two
users
of
different
languages
in
business
communications.
This
paper
makes
a
research
mainly
on
business
interpretation.
And
it
discusses
about
the
cultural
differences
between
Chinese
and
English,
under
which
this
paper
introduces
interpretive
skills
and
interpreting
practices
in
order
to
help
those
who
are
working
or
learning
in
this
field.
The
significance
of
this
paper
is
to
give
practical
suggestions
to
those
who
take
part
in
interpreting
work
and
learners.
And
this
paper
aims
to
make
them
avoid
being
shocked
once
these
differences
appear.
As
business
interpretation
is
irrevocable
and
useful
in
international
business
trades
and
negotiations,
it
plays
such
an
important
role.
And
also,
the
cultural
differences
should
be
paid
much
attention
to,
so
that
the
negotiation
goes
well.
Once
they
are
neglected,
cultural
differences
would
be
a
huge
problem
during
the
negotiation.
As
a
consequence,
the
author
hopes
this
paper
may
give
some
help
to
those
who
are
willing
to
perform
better
in
business
interpretation.
Bibliography
[1]
Berlo,
David
.
The
Process
of
Communication:
An
Introduction
to
Theory
and
Practice[M].
USA
Holt:
Harcourt
School,
Rinehart
and
Winston
Inc,
1960.
[2]
Knudson,
Beck.
Interpretation
of
Cultural
and
Natural
Resources[M].
State
College:
Venture
Publishing
Inc,
1995.
[3]
Mates,
Benson,
Elementary
Logic,
Second
Edition[M].
New
York:
Oxford
University
Press,
1972
[4]
Murray
E
G
Smith
and
Murray
E.G.
Smith,
Early
Modern
Social
Theory[M].
Interpretive
Readings
Book,
Toronto:
Univ
of
Toronto
press,
1998.
[5]
Taylor-Bouladon,
Conference
Interpreting
—
Principles
and
Practice,
2nd
Edition[M].
London:
BookSurge
Publishing,
2007
[6]
Tilden,
Freeman.
Interpreting
Our
Heritage
(3rd
ed.)[M].
Washington,
The
University
of
North
Carolina
Press,
1977.
[7]
梅德明.
高级口译教程[M].
北京：上海外语教育出版社,2006.
[8]
梅德明.
中级口译教程第二版[M].
北京：上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[9]
阮绩智.
高级商务口笔译[M].
口译篇，上海：浙江大学出版社,2007.
[10]
田廓.
口译技巧漫谈[J].
长沙铁道学院学报(社会科学版),2005(1):
5-7.
[11]
王蕾.
浅谈口译笔记技巧[J].
辽宁师专学报(社会科学版),2004(2):
10-13.Acknowledgments
Firstly,
I’d
like
to
express
my
sincere
thanks
to
all
those
who
have
lent
me
hands
in
the
course
of
my
writing
this
paper,
and
also
to
leaders,
teachers
and
working
staff
in
the
School
of
Foreign
Languages.
Secondly,
I
hereby
express
gratitude
to
my
dear
supervisor
Ms.
Chen
Wenhui,
without
her
effort,
this
paper
can
not
be
accomplished.
In
the
process
of
revision,
she
made
great
contribution
on
data
correcting
and
analyze.
Besides,
she
supplemented
each
chapter
and
gave
me
so
many
useful
and
practical
suggestions.
This
paper
is
rather
a
common
achievement
than
a
private
possession.
Finally,
I
thank
again
my
teachers
and
classmates
who
have
helped
me
finish
this
paper
deeply
from
my
heart.
Ren
Xiang
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